Shadowing Practice: Do You Have Narcolepsy? Here’s How To Tell - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Narcolepsy is a word you're probably familiar with, even if you can't fully explain it.
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What first comes to mind is probably someone comically falling asleep at random times.
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Hi, I'm Carol.
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But what we've seen on TV is, let's say, a bit exaggerated.
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Narcolepsy is characterized by chronic sleepiness, and it does take a serious toll on the lives of people affected by it.
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But with most people suffering from some sort of daytime sleepiness, how do you know if your sleepiness is narcoleptic in nature?
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Well today, let's answer that question by looking at the symptoms, the treatments, and when you should talk to your doctor about narcolepsy.
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Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder known for causing chronic sleepiness.
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Not your typical after -lunch slump, but a severe daytime sleepiness that can compromise a person's school, work, relationships, and even safety.
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This is because, with narcolepsy, the brain can't maintain a normal sleep -wake rhythm.
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Usually the sleep cycle begins with a series of non -REM stages followed by REM sleep.
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It's during REM sleep when our brain activates the nervous system, does the most dreaming, and processes our emotions and memories.
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But for people with narcolepsy, that cycle is not as consistent.
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Instead, the REM sleep stage is irregular and can begin right after falling asleep.
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It's this disruption to the sleep cycle, and specifically the REM stage, that causes people with narcolepsy to frequently experience daytime sleepiness,
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forgetfulness, and difficulty concentrating.
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Narcolepsy is classified into two types, sensibly named narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2.
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First, let's look at the science behind type 1.
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Deep in your brain, in a part called the hypothalamus, neurons work to regulate your sleep -wake schedule.
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There, hypocretin, also called orexin, communicates with the brainstem to make you more alert during the day and less alert at night.
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With narcolepsy type 1, your brain experiences a loss of that hypocretin and the resulting low levels destabilize your sleep -wake system.
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Without enough hypocretin to keep your body alert, people with type 1 also experience something called cataplexy,
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or brief loss of muscle control triggered by sudden emotions like laughter, surprise, or fear.
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In contrast, narcolepsy type 2 is diagnosed if a patient still has the same irregular sleep cycle,
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but without low levels of hypocretin or episodes of cataplexy.
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However, about 10 % of people with type 2 begin to experience these things later on
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and get their diagnosis changed to type 1.
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Narcolepsy, although rare compared to other sleep disorders, doesn't discriminate on age, gender, or race.
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Anyone can be diagnosed with narcolepsy.
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It affects about 0 .04 % of the world population, with type 1 more common than type 2, but this number may not be accurate.
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Narcolepsy symptoms are very similar to other sleep disorders, so cases could go undiagnosed.
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And although children can have narcolepsy, many won't begin to recognize the symptoms or seek diagnosis until later on in life.
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Symptoms, including cataplexy, can look a bit different for everyone, but excessive daytime sleepiness is the unifying symptom all people with narcolepsy face.
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And falling asleep from severe drowsiness doesn't just happen randomly, but in situations that can make us all a little sleepy,
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like sitting in traffic, studying or reading, or sitting in a dimly lit space.
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Other symptoms commonly coexist with sleepiness.
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Automatic behaviors happen when people try not to give in to sleep.
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For example, a person might continue to scribble lines on paper
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or type on a keyboard despite the fact that their brain has already turned off and fallen asleep.
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Although many people attribute narcolepsy to sleeping a lot,
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the truth is people with narcolepsy actually often deal with insomnia and struggle to stay asleep during the night.
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Likely due to their early entrance into the REM sleep stage, people with narcolepsy often feel more energized after only a short period of sleep.
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Sleep paralysis, like cataplexy, is common and can make people with narcolepsy feel like they can't move
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or like weight is on top of them holding them down.
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Because of their irregular REM sleep patterns, active dreaming can cause vivid hallucinations when falling asleep or starting to wake up,
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sometimes alongside sleep paralysis making for a very terrifying experience.
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But that's not the only thing.
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Daytime effects can be just as much of a symptom.
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Pay attention to things like restlessness, irritability, and inattention.
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These are often misunderstood as behavioral problems rather than sleep problems, especially in children.
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Cataplexy may also be difficult to recognize and misread as a twitch or a tick.
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Identifying common and persistent symptoms can help a doctor accurately diagnose narcolepsy.
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Unfortunately, the exact cause of narcolepsy still requires more research.
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As far as experts have seen, the condition is not related to family history, which makes it hard to predict.
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It's theorized
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that a specific gene mutation found in as many as 98
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% of people with narcolepsy type 1 could play an important role in your risk of narcolepsy.
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It's also theorized
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that narcolepsy should be considered an autoimmune disorder after new evidence
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showed the body's own immune system can mistakenly attack the healthy brain cells that produce hypocretin.
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And in rare instances, a medical condition, infection, or brain injury can affect your hypocretin levels and result in secondary narcolepsy.
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In general, narcolepsy is considered sporadic and should be thoroughly assessed case by case.
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If you experience significant daytime sleepiness or other symptoms of narcolepsy for three or more months, talk to a sleep specialist familiar with the disorder.
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They are best equipped to provide a careful and accurate diagnosis.
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A review of symptoms, sleep habits, and medical history can help eliminate other potential conditions.
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Involving friends and family in this review can also help paint a clearer picture of your experiences, as they may have witnessed behaviors you didn't.
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Polysomnography, or sleep study, uses sensors to monitor brain and body activity during sleep.
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This can help you and your doctor understand your sleep better and can be done at home or in a sleep clinic.
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A multiple sleep latency test can also assess how quickly you fall asleep and when you enter the REM sleep stage.
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If you don't experience cataplexy, testing cerebral spinal fluid for hypocretin is the only way to distinguish between narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2.
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This requires a spinal tap and is recommended if a sleep study has already confirmed your narcolepsy diagnosis.
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Although there is no cure for narcolepsy yet, behavioral approaches have been successful at reducing the effects of narcolepsy and improving one's quality of life.
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Let's get into some of those approaches.
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Plan your naps.
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People with narcolepsy often feel more alert after a brief nap, so try to budget time in your day for a nap reset.
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Avoid sedatives.
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Avoid any substance that can worsen sleepiness like alcohol and moderate the caffeinated ones.
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These could leave you crashing later.
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Drive with caution.
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Avoid long drives and driving at night if you're more susceptible to falling asleep on the road.
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Set active and healthy goals.
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People with narcolepsy are at a higher risk of obesity, high blood pressure, depression, and anxiety.
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So regular exercise and a balanced diet can help both your physical health and sleep health.
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Form good sleep habits.
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Setting a consistent sleep schedule, making your bedroom the best place for sleep,
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and steering clear of electronics before bed can help get your brain ready for sleep when it's time for sleep.
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And finally, seek support from those close to you or others experiencing narcolepsy,
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and ask for guidance from your doctor to counteract the negative day -to -day effects narcolepsy can cause.
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While medications that promote wakefulness can also combat sleepiness, not all patients may react the same and an evaluation is recommended before taking any stimulants.
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In today's busy world, daytime sleepiness is a very real and very common issue.
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And narcolepsy, though relatively rare and not life -threatening, can be difficult to overcome without a better understanding of it.
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And if your daytime sleepiness is due to a nighttime lack of sleep, check out our video right here on how to treat insomnia.
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If feelings of drowsiness are starting to take over your life, don't wait until you're falling asleep at the wheel.
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Start asking questions about your sleep.
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Thanks for watching everyone.
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Sleep well.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “Do You Have Narcolepsy? Here’s How To Tell”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: narcolepsy, sleep, type, sleepiness, symptom. בסרטון הזה יש 96 משפטים ו-1378 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 7:52. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-175 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. רק 77% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| narcolepsy שם עצם | /ˈnɑː(ɹ)kəˌlɛpsi/ | נרקולפסיה |
| symptom שם עצם | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | תַּסְמִין, סִימְפּטוֹם |
| diagnose פועל | /ˈdaɪ.əɡˌnoʊs/ | אבחן |
| insomnia שם עצם | /ɪnˈsɒmniə/ | נְדוּדֵי שֵׁנָה |
| paralysis שם עצם | /pəˈɹæləsəs/ | שיתוק \ שִׁתּוּק |
| coexist פועל | /ˌkoʊ.ɪɡˈzɪst/ | התקיים בצוותא |
| exaggerate פועל | /ɛɡˈzæd͡ʒ.ə.ɹeɪt/ | הגזים |
| hallucination שם עצם | /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃən/ | הזיה |
| hypothalamus שם עצם | הִיפּוֹתָלָמוּס | |
| scribble פועל | /ˈskɹɪbəl/ | קִשְׁקֵשׁ, שרבט |
| discriminate פועל | /dɪˈskɹɪm.əˌneɪt/ | הִפְלָה |
| mutation שם עצם | /mjuˈteɪʃən/ | מוּטַצְיָה |
| sleepy שם תואר | /ˈsliːpi/ | מנומנם, מְנֻמְנָם |
| steer פועל | /stɪɹ/ | נוהג, נוהג ב־ |
| attribute שם עצם | /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/ | לוואי, לְוַאי |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| check out פועל | בדק | |
| turn off פועל | כיבה, כִּבָּה | |
| wake up פועל | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | התעורר |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | is characterized · is classified · is diagnosed |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | we've seen · has already turned · have seen |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-14 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו can't, you're, doesn't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: theorize /ˈθɪɹ.aɪz/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, rhythm /ˈɹɪð.əm/, thoroughly /ˈθʌɹ.ə.li/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: hallucination /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃən/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, disruption /dɪsˈɹʌpʃən/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/, caution /ˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: narcolepsy /ˈnɑː(ɹ)kəˌlɛpsi/, hypocretin /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈkɹiː.tən/, cataplexy /ˈkætəˌplɛksi/, irregular /ɪˈɹɛɡ.jə.lɚ/, paralysis /pəˈɹæləsəs/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: wakefulness /ˈweɪk.fʊl.nəs/, worsen /ˈwɝsn̩/, equip /ɪˈkwɪp/, twitch /twɪt͡ʃ/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: cataplexy /ˈkætəˌplɛksi/, drowsiness /ˈdɹæʊːzinəs/, paralysis /pəˈɹæləsəs/, classify /ˈklæs.əˌfaɪ/, counteract /ˈkaʊntəɹˌækt/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: narcolepsy /ˈnɑː(ɹ)kəˌlɛpsi/, hypocretin /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈkɹiː.tən/, irregular /ɪˈɹɛɡ.jə.lɚ/, drowsiness /ˈdɹæʊːzinəs/, paralysis /pəˈɹæləsəs/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו narcolepsy, symptom, diagnose.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.