Shadowing Practice: Network Ports Explained - Learn English Speaking with Video

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What is a port? So that is the topic of this video. Now a port is not a physical connection, it's a logical connection that is used by programs and services to exchange information.

It specifically determines which program or service on a computer or server that is going to be used.

Whether that is pulling up a web page, using an FTP service, accessing email and so on.

And ports have a unique number that identifies them. The number ranges from 0 - 65535.

For example some common ports are port 80 and 443 which are used for web pages. Port number 21 is used for FTP. And port number 25 is used for email. A port number is always associated with an IP address. An IP address is a numeric address. It's an identifier for a computer or device on a network. Every device has to have an IP address for communication purposes.

And an IP address and a port number work together to exchange data on a network.

So for example if you want to connect to a server over the internet, the IP address is used to determine the geographical location of that server. Such as what continent, country, city, and so on. And a port number determines which service or program on that server it wants to use.

Whether that service or program is a web page, FTP service, email, and so on.

Now in simple terms, what does this all mean? So as an example, let's take a very common port that just about everyone uses every day and that is port number 80. Port 80 is associated with HTTP which is web pages. Whenever you visit a web page from your computer, you're using port 80 whether you know it or not. So let's say you're sitting at your computer and you want to visit Google's web page. So you would open up a web browser and then you would type google.com in the address bar. But before your computer can bring up Google's web page, it has to do a couple of things first. It has to convert the domain name of google.com into Google's IP address, and in addition since you're using a web browser which is using HTTP, your computer is going to add port 80 to the IP address. So now the IP address is going to be used to locate Google's web server.

Then once the server is found, the IP address has done its job. So now it's the port number's turn.

And Google's web server will see the incoming request with port number 80 and will forward that request to its built-in web service. So you can finally retrieve Google's web page.

Now all of this is happening behind the scenes. You don't see the IP address or the port number that's being used. However there is a way that you can see it and that is by using the netstat utility. Netstat is short for network statistics and it's a command line tool that is used to display the current network connections and port activity on your computer. Nestat is available on various operating systems, but in my example I'm going to be working on a Windows computer. So at a command prompt you type in netstat and then we're going to also use a -n sub command so we can see the actual port number and then we'll press 'enter'. So here in the output we can see our connection to google.com. The local address is our computer here along with our IP address. And here is the port number that our computer has assigned itself for this session. The foreign address is google.com. So here we can see the IP address of Google's web server, along with port number 80 that's being used for this connection because as I said before, port 80 is used for web pages.

Now let's say on the same exact server Google is running an FTP service where clients can transfer files. FTP is a standard protocol that is used to transfer files between computers and servers over a network and it uses port number 21. So on our computer we can open up a web browser and as an example, we'll type in ftp.google.com. And then we'll see the same thing happen again.

The domain name of google.com will be converted into Google's IP address. And since we're using FTP, our computer will add port 21 to the IP address. And once Google's server sees the incoming request with port number 21, it'll forward that request to its built-in FTP service. And if we do the same netstat command again, it'll show a connection to Google's FTP service using port number 21.

So as I stated in the beginning of this video, port numbers range from 0 - 65535. And they are assigned by an organization called the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. And these 65,000 port numbers are broken down into three categories. Port numbers from 0 - 1023 are called system or well-known ports. These are common ports that most people use every day. And I've mentioned a few of these ports already, such as port 80, 443, 25, and 21. Port numbers from 1024 - 49151 are called user or registered ports. These are ports that can be registered by companies and developers for a particular service and you can see some of those examples here. And port numbers from 49152 - 65535 these are called dynamic or private ports.

These are client-side ports that are free to use. These are the port numbers that your computer assigns temporarily to itself during a session, for example when viewing a web page.

So of these three categories, the top two, which are the well-known and registered port numbers, these two categories are used on a server. In other words, these are used on a server that our computer connects to. But the third category which is the dynamic or private port numbers, these are used on a client, meaning our computer.

It's what our computer assigns itself during a session. So whenever our computer wants to use a service or program on another computer or server, it assigns itself one of these port numbers.

Now sometimes on your computer you might see well-known port numbers being used, such as port 21 and port 80. So for example if we do a netstat with a -an sub command, we'll see port 21 and port 80 that are either listening or have an established connection. And as I stated before these port numbers are used on a server and not on clients. However servers aren't just large and powerful computers. Your computer can also act as a server for other computers to connect to.

For example if you happen to be running an FTP service or running a website on your computer you're going to see port 21 and port 80 that are either listening or have an established connection because you can configure your computer to act as a server that accepts incoming connections.

So let's put this all together and do another example. So let's go ahead and have our computer connect to a couple of websites such as yahoo.com and example.com. And then we'll also connect to a separate FTP server. So now if we do the same netstat -n command again we'll examine the output. And here we see the local IP address of our computer along with the dynamic or private client-side port numbers that's being used for that particular session And then we see the two IP addresses of the websites that our computer is connected to along with the port number because port 80 is used for websites.

And we also see the one FTP site that we are connected to using port number 21.

Now just to clear things up, if you use this netstat command a lot of times you may see port 443 instead of port 80 during a connection to a website. And this is because both of these port numbers are used for web pages. But the difference is, is that port 80 uses HTTP which are for regular unsecured websites. But port 443 uses HTTPS and the 'S' stands for secure. It's for viewing web pages that have a security feature. And a lot of websites are now using port 443 instead of port 80.

Hey guys I just want to mention that if you want to increase your knowledge in the networking field or in life in general, I have some audio books that I recommend in the description below.

And you can get them by signing up for a free 30-day trial of Amazon Audible Premium Plus.

But even if you cancel your audible membership at any time during the 30 days, an audio book of your choice is yours to keep forever without paying anything. I typically listen to an audio book if I just want to learn something as I'm relaxing. It's a great way to soak up knowledge.

And also if you want to know more about the netstat utility I did a whole video about it and you can find it on my channel. And I want to thank everyone for watching this video on ports.

Please subscribe, leave a comment, and I will see you in the next video.

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What is a Server? Servers vs Desktops Explained

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176 משפטים

Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson

This B1 speaking lesson is built on the video “Network Ports Explained”. The speaker keeps coming back to these words: port, computer, server, web, address. This video has 28 sentences and 1537 words to shadow. The speech runs for 10:17. The speaker talks at a steady 149 words per minute, a comfortable pace for shadowing. 85% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English; the rest is worth studying before you start.

Key vocabulary in this video

The 15 most advanced words in the video, with pronunciation and meaning:

Word	Pronunciation	Meaning
assign verb	/əˈsaɪn/	To designate or set apart (something) for some purpose.
browser noun	/ˈbɹaʊ.zəɹ/	One who or which browses.
incoming adjective	/ˈɪnˌkʌmɪŋ/	Coming (or about to come) in; arriving.
dynamic adjective	/daɪˈnæm.ɪk/	Changing; active; in motion.
audible adjective	/ˈɔ.dɪ.bəl/	Able to be heard.
convert verb	/kənˈvɝt/	To transform or change (something) into another form, substance, state, or product.
utility noun	/juːˈtɪlɪti/	The state or condition of being useful; usefulness.
domain noun	/ˌdəʊˈmeɪ̯n/	A geographic area owned or controlled by a single person or organization.
configure verb	/kənˈfɪɡə(ɹ)/	To set up or arrange something in such a way that it is ready for operation for a particular purpose, or to someone's particular liking
identifier noun		Someone who identifies; a person who establishes the identity of someone or something.
numeric adjective	/n(j)uːˈmɛɹɪk/	Of or relating to numbers, especially the characters 0 to 9.
unsecured adjective		Not physically secured; not fastened; not attached.
soak verb	/soʊk/	To be saturated with liquid by being immersed in it.
retrieve verb	/ɹɪˈtɹiːv/	To regain or get back something.
geographical adjective	/d͡ʒiəˈɡɹæfɪkl̩/	Of or relating to geography.

Phrasal verbs you will hear

Word	Pronunciation	Meaning
open up verb		To open.
bring up verb		To mention.
go ahead verb	/ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/	To proceed with; to begin.
pull up verb	/ˌpʊl ˈʌp/	To lift upwards or vertically.

דקדוק בסרטון הזה

המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:

מבנה	בסרטון
סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה	is always associated · is associated · is found
הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו	has done · has assigned · I've mentioned
משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר	HTTP which is · two, which are · HTTP which are

Pronunciation to watch

The speaker uses 19 contractions and reduced forms, such as we'll, you're, I'm. Say them the short way, as you hear them.

Long words — get the stress right: utility /juːˈtɪlɪti/, temporarily /ˌtɛmpəˈɹɛɹəli/, developer /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/

How to practise with this video

Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
Shadow it sentence by sentence at normal speed, repeating each one until your rhythm matches the speaker.
Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like assign, browser, incoming.

מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?

שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.

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Shadowing Practice: Network Ports Explained - Learn English Speaking with Video

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