शैडोइंग अभ्यास: 2 II WELCOME TO SPEECH AND DEBATE - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
अभ्यास मोड चुनें
हर मोड पूरी स्क्रीन का अभ्यास कक्ष खोलता है।
142 वाक्य
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2. Welcome to Speech and Debate Speech and debate encompass many events and practices.
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The speech part of speech and debate generally refers to a variety of speaking activities where people share information, arguments, and stories with audiences.
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At the NSDA, speech events are broken down into public address events, where speakers generally write their own speeches,
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and interpretation events, where speakers perform excerpts of plays, books, poems, stories, and more.
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In middle and high school competitions, this includes events such as extemporaneous speaking.
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Students choose a prompt and have 30 minutes to prepare a 7 -minute speech that responds to the prompt.
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Informative speaking.
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Students write and perform speeches that educate the audience on an important topic.
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Dramatic interpretation.
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Students perform a dramatic text with their unique delivery style.
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Debate.
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Debate generally refers to a variety of activities where people exchange opposing arguments on a common topic.
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They use arguments to test the suitability of a concept, policy, philosophy, or value.
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It is more structured than a conversation or discussion,
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and uses rules and procedures to ensure that each side of the topic gets roughly equal time and consideration.
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In middle and high school competitions, this includes events such as Congressional debate.
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Groups of up to 30 students simulate the legislative process and debate resolutions and bills.
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Lincoln -Douglas debate.
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Individual debaters go head -to -head on a topic, focusing on ethical and philosophical ideas.
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Policy debate.
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Teams of two debaters go head -to -head against each other on a policy proposal, utilizing in -depth research.
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Schools have competitive speech and debate teams.
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The team travels to tournaments where they compete against other schools in their event.
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Speech.
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Speech involves a presentation by one or two students
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that is judged against a similar type of presentation by others in a round of competition.
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There are two general categories of speech events, public address events and interpretation events.
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Public address events feature a speech written by the student, either in advance or with limited prep, that can answer a question,
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share a belief, persuade an audience, or educate the listener on a variety of topics.
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Interpretation events center upon a student selecting and performing published material and appeal to many who enjoy acting in theater.
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All speech events.
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Speech offers a wide range of events that allow students to develop their voice, sharpen critical thinking, and connect with audiences in meaningful ways.
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From the polished delivery of public address events like informative speaking, declamation, and expository, to the quick -thinking demands of extemporaneous speaking and impromptu,
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competitors learn to organize ideas and communicate with confidence.
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Public Address Commentary COM, High School Supplemental Event, also known as Extemporaneous Commentary.
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Extemporaneous Commentary is a five -minute public speaking event with a 30 -second grace period in
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which students respond to a prompt drawn on a topic of societal, political, historical, or popular interest.
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Students have 20 minutes to prepare their speech, during which they may consult articles and evidence they have gathered in advance.
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At the national tournament, internet access is permitted during prep time, though this may vary at other tournaments.
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The final speech is delivered from memory, without the use of notes, while the student is seated behind a desk or table.
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DECLAMATION DECLAMATION is a 10 -minute public speaking event, with a 30 -second grace period,
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in which students perform a previously delivered, publicly available speech.
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EXPOSITORY Expository speaking is a 5 -minute informative speaking event, with a 30 -second grace period,
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in which students explain to an audience a topic of their choosing.
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Extemporaneous Speaking Mixed extemporaneous speaking, EXT, United States extemporaneous speaking, USX, and international extemporaneous speaking,
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IX, are a 7 -minute speech event with a 30 -second grace period that combines both domestic and international topics,
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current international issues, and focus on current events.
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Impromptu Impromptu Speaking, IMP, is a public speaking event in which students are given seven minutes, with a 30 -second grace period,
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to select a topic, brainstorm ideas, organize a speech, and deliver it without the use of notes.
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Original Oratory Original Oratory, OO, is a 10 -minute speech event with a 30 -second grace period in
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which students deliver a self -written speech designed to persuade an audience on a topic of significance.
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Original Spoken Word Poetry Original spoken word poetry, OSW, is a five -minute event, with a 30 -second grace period,
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where students perform original poetry from memory.
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Interpretation Interpretation events center upon a student selecting and performing published material, and appeal to many who enjoy acting in theater.
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Dramatic Interpretation Dramatic interpretation is a 10 -minute event with a 30 -second grace period
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that challenges students to bring a published piece of serious literature to life, using only their voice, facial expressions,
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and physicality, without the use of props, costumes, or sets.
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Duo interpretation Duo interpretation
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Duo is a 10 -minute event with a 30 -second grace period that showcases two performers bringing a published script to life.
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Humorous Interpretation.
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Humorous Interpretation, HI, is a 10 -minute event with a 30 -second grace period
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that challenges students to entertain and connect with audiences through comedic storytelling.
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Poetry.
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Poetry, POE, is a 5 -minute event with a 30 -second grace period that focuses on the power of language, expression, and emotional connection.
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Program Oral Interpretation Program Oral Interpretation, POI, is a 10 -minute event with a 30 -second grace period
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that challenges students to weave together multiple genres of literature into a cohesive, theme -driven performance.
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Prose Prose is a 5 -minute event with a 30 -second grace period
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that offers students the opportunity to perform published literature written in everyday language and structure.
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Storytelling Storytelling, STO, is a five -minute event with a 30 -second grace period in
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which students perform a published story as if presenting to a group of young children.
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Debate Debate challenges individuals or teams of students to persuasively argue for and against a topic.
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A debater's goal is to convince a judge that, as a general principle, their side of the topic is more valid.
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Through extensive research and preparation, students in debate develop a deep understanding of complex topics,
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honing their ability to think critically and analyze important issues from multiple perspectives.
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Big Questions Debate Big Questions is a structured debate event where students have a set time limit to present constructive cases, engage in rebuttal and refutation,
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and participate in cross -examination.
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At the national tournament, only one -on -one debates are permitted.
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Congressional Debate Congressional Debate is a group debate event simulating the U .S legislative process.
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Students meet in chambers of approximately 10 to 25 participants and debate legislation over a session typically lasting two to three hours.
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Speeches are up to three minutes in length, followed by a questioning period.
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Extemporaneous Debate Extemporaneous Debate, XDB, is a one -on -one debate event in
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which students are presented with a new resolution each round and have 30 minutes to prepare before delivering arguments, refutation, and rebuttals.
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Lincoln -Douglas Debate Lincoln -Douglas Debate is a one -on -one debate format in
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which students argue a topic voted on by the membership.
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Policy Debate Policy Debate is a two -on -two debate where the affirmative team proposes a policy plan
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and the negative team argues against its adoption.
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Public Forum Debate Public Forum Debate is a two -on -two debate that focuses on current event topics.
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Resolutions change frequently throughout the season, exposing students to a wide range of timely issues.
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World Schools Debate World Schools Debate is a three -on -three debate format combining prepared and impromptu motions.
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While teams may include up to five members, only three compete in any given round.
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Educational Benefits Participating in speech and debate is a life -changing experience.
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These activities offer a deep and engaging education beyond the classroom and profoundly impact students' social experiences.
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Students can give hundreds of speeches in a single season of competition.
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The NSDA highlights four main learning outcomes, communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and creativity.
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These are some of the associated skills and practices that students gain in speech and debate.
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Communication.
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Writing, outlining, and revising speeches.
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Finding and incorporating supporting material.
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Building confidence and delivery skills, including eye contact, posture, projection, gestures, and movement.
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Collaboration.
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Working with others to research and create speech and debate materials.
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Supporting team members with feedback and support, listening carefully and demonstrating respect for different viewpoints.
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Critical thinking Analyzing texts, arguments, characters, policies, philosophies, etc. Recognizing, creating, and refuting arguments.
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Identifying and questioning assumptions.
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Creativity Understanding multiple perspectives at once.
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Creating scripts that link multiple ideas together.
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Bringing characters and relationships to life through performance.
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This is not an exhaustive list.
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For example, students gain a vast knowledge about a variety of topics—philosophy,
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literature, politics, economics, international relations, psychology, and more.
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They also develop a strong work ethic, time management, anxiety management skills, and empathy for others.
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Finally, participating in speech and debate also instills several social skills.
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Speech and debate teams give students a home and a community to belong to.
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Students have a built -in social group and can make friends in an academic context.
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They learn how to accept feedback, build resilience, and overcome challenges.
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All types of learners can find a place in speech and debate.
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Students do not need to be traditionally academically successful or high -achieving to be excellent in speech and debate.
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In fact, participation can help them identify things they are passionate about and contribute to their academic success in other areas.
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For example, the thrill of competition might encourage a student to become a stronger reader so they can win more debates.
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It won't surprise you to learn that many famous actors, comedians, activists, academics, journalists, Supreme Court justices,
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business executives, politicians, directors, and musicians competed in speech and debate as NSDA members.
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Check out some of our notable alumni.
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Due to the rigor and wide knowledge base required to be successful in speech and debate, it is generally not recommended for students with low GPAs.
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True or false?
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And the answer is false.
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Personal and professional benefits.
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Coaching speech and debate benefits you too.
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Intellectual outlet.
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Many speech and debate coaches appreciate the activity as an intellectual outlet.
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If you're a teacher, you might teach the same lessons over and over again in your home subject,
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Speech and debate allows you to explore new topics endlessly.
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In some speech events, each student speaks on a different topic, or the topic changes each round or for each tournament.
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Some debate events have topics that change per round, per tournament, per month, or per year.
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There are always new topics and issues to explore, and new ways of approaching them.
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Travel opportunities Attending tournaments gives you the opportunity to travel, sometimes across the country.
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You can schedule your tournament travel to ensure you and your team have time to visit museums, tourist attractions, sporting events, and more.
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Communication Skills As you learn about speech and debate along with your students, you will improve with them.
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Students will look to you as their model for communication, which will encourage you to reflect on your own communication practices.
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And you'll learn about the theories and skills as you teach them.
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Review you.
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Speech and debate refers to a wide variety of speaking activities that middle and high school students can compete in.
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Students and coaches who participate gain a wealth of personal, educational, and professional benefits.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
यह स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “2 II WELCOME TO SPEECH AND DEBATE” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: debate, student, event, speech, topic। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 142 वाक्य और 1879 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 12:11 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 154 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्वाभाविक गति से बोलता है, जो रोज़मर्रा की बातचीत के करीब है। केवल 76% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| topic संज्ञा | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | प्रसंग, विषय |
| interpretation संज्ञा | /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/ | निर्वचन, अर्थनिर्वचन |
| poetry संज्ञा | /ˈpoʊ.ə.tɹi/ | काव्य, कविता |
| participate क्रिया | /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/ | भाग लेना, हिस्सा लेना |
| select क्रिया | /sɪˈlɛkt/ | चुनना, चयन करना |
| informative विशेषण | /ɪnˈfɔːmətɪv/ | शिक्षाप्रद |
| encourage क्रिया | /ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/ | प्रेरित करना |
| script संज्ञा | /skɹɪpt/ | लिपि, लेखन |
| theater संज्ञा | /ˈθi(ə)tɚ/ | थिएटर, रंगमंच |
| feedback संज्ञा | /ˈfiːdˌbæk/ | प्रतिपुष्टि, प्रतिक्रिया |
| explore क्रिया | /ɪkˈsploɹ/ | अन्वेषण करना |
| intellectual विशेषण | /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/ | बौद्धिक |
| permit क्रिया | /pɚˈmɪt/ | स्वीकृति, अनुज्ञप्ति |
| combine क्रिया | /kəmˈbaɪn/ | मिलाना |
| creativity संज्ञा | /kri.eɪˈtɪv.ᵻ.ti/ | रचनात्मकता |
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 3 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे won't, you'll, you're। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “th” की ध्वनियाँ: theater /ˈθi(ə)tɚ/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, ethical /ˈɛθɪkəl/, empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, thrill /θɹɪl/
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, presentation /ˌpɹɛzn̩ˈteɪʃn̩/, collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/, participation /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/, preparation /ˌpɹɛpəˈɹeɪʃ(ə)n/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, participate /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/, informative /ɪnˈfɔːmətɪv/, legislative /ˈlɛd͡ʒ.ɪ.slə.tɪv/, intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/
हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:
- /v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: informative /ɪnˈfɔːmətɪv/, legislative /ˈlɛd͡ʒ.ɪ.slə.tɪv/, creativity /kri.eɪˈtɪv.ᵻ.ti/, persuade /pə(ɹ)ˈsweɪd/, vast /væst/
- /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: presentation /ˌpɹɛzn̩ˈteɪʃn̩/, organize /ˈɔɹɡənaɪz/, proposal /pɹəˈpoʊzəl/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
- /æ/ — “ऐ” से ज़्यादा खुला: dramatic /dɹəˈmætɪk/, format /ˈfɔːɹ.mæt/, feedback /ˈfiːdˌbæk/, collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/, vast /væst/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- 0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर topic, interpretation, poetry जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।