शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Is Anything Real? - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
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Hey, Vsauce, Michael here.
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Where are your fingers?
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Seriously, it's a pretty easy question.
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You should be able to answer it.
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But how do you know?
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How does anyone know anything?
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You might say, well, I know where my fingers are.
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I'm looking right at them.
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Or, I can touch them.
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I can feel them.
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They're right here.
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And that's good.
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Your senses are a great way to learn things.
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In fact, we have way more than the usual five senses we do talk about.
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For instance, your kinesthetic sense, proprioception.
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This is what the police evaluate during a field sobriety test.
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It allows you to tell where your fingers and arms
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and head and legs and your body is all in relation to each other without having to look or touch other things.
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We have way more than five senses.
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We have at least twice as many and then some.
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But they're not perfect.
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There are optical illusions, audio illusions, Temperature, sensation illusions, even tactile illusions.
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Can you turn your tongue upside down?
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If so, perfect.
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Try this.
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Run your finger along the outer edge of the tip of your upside down tongue.
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Your tongue will be able to feel your finger but in the wrong place.
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Our brains never needed to develop an understanding of upside down tongue touch.
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So when you touch the right side of your tongue, when it's flipped over to your left side, you perceive a sensation on the opposite side where your tongue usually is,
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but isn't when it's upside down.
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It's pretty freaky and cool and a little humbling because it shows the limits of the accuracy of our senses.
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The only tools we have to get what's out there in here.
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The philosophy of knowledge, the study of knowing, is called epistemology.
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Plato famously said that the things we know are things that are true, that we believe, and that we have justification for believing.
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Those justifications might be irrational or they might be rational, they might be based on proof,
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but don't get too confident because proven is not a synonym for true.
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Luckily, there are things that we can know without needing proof, without needing to even leave the house, things that we can know as true by reason alone.
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These are things that we know a priori.
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An example would be the statement, all bachelors are unmarried.
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I don't have to go survey every bachelor on earth to know that that is true.
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All bachelors are unmarried because that's how we define the word bachelor.
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Of course, you have to know what the words bachelor and unmarried mean in the first place.
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Oh, you do?
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Okay, perfect, that's great.
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But how do you know?
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This time I mean functionally.
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How do you know?
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Where is knowledge biologically in the brain?
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What are memories made out of?
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We are a long way from being able to answer that question completely, But research has shown that memories don't exist in the brain in single locations.
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Instead, what we call a memory is likely made up of
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many different complex relationships all over the brain between lots of brain cells, neurons.
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A major cellular mechanism thought to underlie the formation of memories is long-term potentiation or LTP.
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When one neuron stimulates another neuron repeatedly,
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that signal can be enhanced over time wiring them more strongly together and that connection can last a long time,
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even an entire lifetime.
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A collection of different brain cells,
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neurons that fire together in a particular order over and over again frequently and repeatedly can achieve long-term potentiation,
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becoming more sensitive to each other and more ready to fire in the exact same way later on in the future.
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They're a physical thing in your brain firing together more easily because you strengthened that pattern of firing.
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You memorized.
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This branching forest of firing friends looks messy, but look closer.
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It could be the memory of your first kiss, a living souvenir of the event.
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If I were to go into your brain and cut out those cells, could I make you forget your first kiss?
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Or could I make you forget where your fingers are?
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Only if I cut out a lot of your brain.
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Because memories aren't just stored in one relationship, they're stored all over the brain.
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The events leading up to your first kiss are stored in one network, the way it felt or the way it smelled in different networks,
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all added up together, making what you call the memory of your first kiss.
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How many memories can you fit inside your head?
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What is the storage capacity of the human brain?
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The best we can do is a rough estimate, but given the number of neurons in the brain involved with memory
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and the number of different connections a single neuron can make,
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Paul Rebber at Northwestern University estimated that we can store the digital equivalent of about 2.5 petabytes of information.
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That's the equivalent of recording a TV channel continuously for 300 years.
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That's a lot of information.
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That is a lot of information about skills you can do and facts and people you've met, things in the real world.
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The world is real, right?
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How do you know?
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It's a difficult question, but it's not rocket science.
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Instead, it is asking whether or not rocket scientists even exist in the first place.
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The theory that the Sun moved around the Earth worked great.
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It predicted that the Sun would rise every morning and it did.
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It wasn't until later that we realized what we thought was true might not be.
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So do we or will we ever know true reality?
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Or are we stuck in a world where the best we can do is be approximately true,
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discovering more and more useful theories every day but never actually reaching true objective actual reality.
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Can science or reason ever prove convincingly that your friends and YouTube videos and your fingers actually exist beyond your mind?
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That you don't just live in the matrix?
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No. Your mind is all that you have.
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Even if you use instruments like a telescope or particle accelerators,
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the final stop for all of that information is ultimately you.
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You are alone in your own brain, which technically makes it impossible to prove that anything else exists.
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It's called the egocentric predicament.
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Everything you know about the world out there depends on and is created inside your brain.
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This mattered so much to Charles Sanders Pierce that he drew a line between reality, the way the universe truly is,
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and what he called the Phaneron, the world as filtered through our senses and bodies, the only information we can get.
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If you want to speak with certainty, you live in, that is you react to and remember and experience your Phaneron, not reality.
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The belief that only you exist and everything else,
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food, the universe, your friends are all figments of your mind is called solipsism.
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There is no way to convince a solipsist that the outside world is real.
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And there is no way to convince someone who doubts
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that the universe wasn't created just three seconds ago along with all of our memories.
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It's a frightening realization that we don't always know how to deal with.
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There's even the Matrix defense.
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In 2002, Tonda Lynn Ansley shot and killed her landlady.
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She argued that she believed she was in the Matrix, that her crimes weren't real.
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By using the Matrix defense,
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she was found not guilty by reason of insanity because the opposite view is just way more healthy and common.
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It's called realism.
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Realism is the belief that the outside world exists independently of your own Phaneron.
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Rocks and stars and Thora Birch would continue to exist even if you weren't around to experience them.
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But you cannot know realism is true.
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All you can do is believe.
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Martin Gardner, a great source for math magic tricks,
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explained that he is not a solipsist because realism is just way more convenient and healthy and it works.
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As to whether it bothered him that he could never know realism was true,
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he wrote, If you ask me to tell you anything about the nature of what lies beyond the Phaneron, my answer is, how should I know?
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I am not dismayed by ultimate mysteries.
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I can no more grasp what is behind such questions as
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my cat can understand what is behind the clatter I make while I type this paragraph.
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Humble stuff.
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What strikes me is the cat.
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Cats do not understand keyboards, but they know that keyboards are a fun place to be.
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It's a great way to get the attention of a human.
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They're warm and exciting, surrounded by noises and flashing lights.
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Plus, cats love to get their scent on whatever they can, a mark of their existence.
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We aren't that much different, except instead of keyboards, we have the mysteries of the universe.
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We will never be able to understand all of them.
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We won't be able to ever answer every single question, but walking around in those questions, exploring them, is fun.
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It feels good.
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And as always, thanks for watching.
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Do you want more unanswered questions?
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Well, you're in luck.
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Today, nine other amazing channels on YouTube have made videos about questions we still haven't fully answered.
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AllTimeTens has organized them
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and to watch them all click the annotation at the end of this video
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or the link at the top of the description.
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Enjoy.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
यह C1 स्तर का स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “Is Anything Real?” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: brain, finger, exist, neuron, tongue। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 139 वाक्य और 1598 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 11:17 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 142 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्थिर गति से बोलता है, जो शैडोइंग के लिए आरामदायक है। 84% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं; बाकी शब्द अभ्यास से पहले देख लेना अच्छा रहेगा।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 सबसे कठिन शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| neuron संज्ञा | /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/ | तंत्रिकोशिका |
| unmarried विशेषण | /ʌnˈmæɹ.id/ | अनब्याहा, अविवाहित |
| sensation संज्ञा | /sɛnˈseɪʃən/ | संवेदन |
| accelerator संज्ञा | /əkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪ.tɚ/ | त्वरक |
| epistemology संज्ञा | /ɪˌpɪstəˈmɑləd͡ʒi/ | ज्ञानमीमांसा |
| excite क्रिया | /ɪkˈsaɪt/ | उत्तेजित करना, उत्साहित करना |
| predicament संज्ञा | /pɹɪˈdɪkəmənt/ | दुर्दशा |
| souvenir संज्ञा | /ˈsu.vəˌnɪɹ/ | स्मारिका, यादगार |
| synonym संज्ञा | /ˈsɪn.əˌnɪm/ | पर्याय, पर्यायवाची |
| irrational विशेषण | /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/ | अपरिमेय |
| insanity संज्ञा | /ɪnˈsænɪti/ | पागलपन, जुनून |
| telescope संज्ञा | /ˈtɛl.əˌskoʊp/ | दूरदर्शी, दूरबीन |
| surround क्रिया | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | घेरना |
| scent संज्ञा | /sɛnt/ | परिमल, गंध |
| certainty संज्ञा | /ˈsɝtn̩ti/ | सुनिश्चितता, निश्चय |
दोहराने लायक वाक्य
वीडियो के छोटे, पूरे वाक्य जिन्हें आप रोज़ की बातचीत में इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं:
- Where are your fingers?
- Can you turn your tongue upside down?
- How many memories can you fit inside your head?
- That you don't just live in the matrix?
- Do you want more unanswered questions?
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | is called · might be based · are unmarried |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | has shown · you've met · have made |
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 22 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे don't, they're, aren't। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “th” की ध्वनियाँ: kinesthetic /ˌkɪnɪsˈθɛtɪk/, strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, potentiation /pəʊˌten.ʃiːˈeɪ.ʃən/, justification /ˌd͡ʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, sensation /sɛnˈseɪʃən/, annotation /ˌæn.əˈteɪ.ʃən/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/, potentiation /pəʊˌten.ʃiːˈeɪ.ʃən/, justification /ˌd͡ʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, accelerator /əkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪ.tɚ/, annotation /ˌæn.əˈteɪ.ʃən/
हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:
- /v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: convincingly /kənˈvɪn.sɪŋ.li/, souvenir /ˈsu.vəˌnɪɹ/, perceive /pɚˈsiv/, evaluate /ɪˈvaljʊeɪt/
- /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: realism /ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/, memorize /ˈmɛm.əˌɹaɪ̯z/, solipsism /ˈsɒlɪpsɪzəm/, realization /ˌɹɪə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, organize /ˈɔɹɡənaɪz/
- शब्द की शुरुआत में s + व्यंजन — पहले “इ” न जोड़ें: stimulate /ˈstɪm.jəˌleɪt/, strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर neuron, unmarried, sensation जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।