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Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and actionable science-based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
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And now, my conversation with Dr. Carl Dyseroff.
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Well, thanks for being here.
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Thanks for having me.
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So for people that might not be so familiar with the fields of neuroscience, etc., what is the difference between neurology and psychiatry?
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Psychiatry focuses on disorders where we can't see something that's physically wrong, where we don't have a measurable, where there's no blood test that makes the diagnosis.
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There's no brain scan that tells us this is schizophrenia, this is depression for an individual patient.
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And so psychiatry is much more mysterious.
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And the only tools we have are words.
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Neurologists are fantastic physicians.
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They see the stroke on brain scans.
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They see the seizure and the pre-seizure activity with an EEG.
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And they can measure and treat based on those measurables.
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In psychiatry, we have a harder job.
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We use words.
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We have rating scales for symptoms.
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We can measure depression and autism with rating scales.
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But those are words still.
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And ultimately, that's what psychiatry is built around.
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It's an odd situation because we've got the most complex,
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beautiful, mysterious, incredibly engineered object in the universe, and yet all we have are words to find our way in.
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So do you find that if a patient is very verbal or hyperverbal,
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that you have an easier time diagnosing them as opposed to somebody who's more quiet and reserved?
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Or I can imagine the opposite might be true as well.
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Well, because we only have words, you put your finger on a key point.
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If they don't speak that much in principle, it's harder.
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The lack of speech can be a symptom.
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We can see that in depression.
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We can see that in the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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We can see that in autism.
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Sometimes by itself, that is a symptom of reduced speech.
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But ultimately, you do need something.
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You need some words to help guide you.
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And that, in fact, there's challenges that I can tell you about where patients with depression
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who are so depressed they can't speak.
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That makes it a bit of a challenge to distinguish depression from some of the other reasons they might not be speaking.
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And this is sort of the art and the science of psychiatry.
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Do you think we will ever have a blood test for depression or schizophrenia or autism?
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And would that be a good or a bad thing?
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I think ultimately there will be quantitative tests.
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Already efforts are being made to look at certain rhythms in the brain using external EEGs to look at brain waves effectively.
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But ultimately, what's going on in the brain in psychiatric disease is physical, and it's due to the circuits and the connections
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and the projections in the brain that are not working as they would in a typical situation.
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And I do think we'll have those measurables at some point.
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Could it be abused or misused?
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Certainly, but that's, I think, true for all of medicine.
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I want to know, and I'm sure there are several, but what do you see as the biggest challenge facing psychiatry and the treatment of mental illness today?
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I think we have, we're making progress on what the biggest challenge is,
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which I think there's still such a strong stigma for psychiatric disease that patients often don't come to us.
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And they feel that they should be able to handle this on their own.
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And that can slow treatment, it can lead to worsening symptoms.
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We know, for example, patients who have untreated anxiety issues, if you go for a year or more with a serious untreated anxiety issue,
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that can convert to depression.
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You can add another problem on top of the anxiety.
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And so it would be, why do people not come for treatment?
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They feel like this is something they should be able to master on their own, which can be true, but usually some help is a good thing.
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That raises a question related to something I heard you say many years ago at a lecture, which was that this was a scientific lecture, and you said, you know,
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we don't know how other people feel.
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Most of the time, we don't even really know how we feel.
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Maybe you could elaborate on that a little bit and the dearth of ways that we have to talk about feelings.
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I mean, there's so many words, I don't know how many, but I'm guessing there are more than a dozen words to describe the state that I call sadness.
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But as far as I understand, we don't have any way of comparing that in a real objective sense.
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So how, as a psychiatrist, when your job is to use words to diagnose, words of the patient to diagnose,
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do you maneuver around that? and what is this landscape that we call feelings or emotions?
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This is really interesting.
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People, here we have, there's a tension between the words
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that we've built up in the clinic that mean something to the physicians.
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And then there's the colloquial use of words that may not be the same.
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And so that's the first level we have to sort out when someone says, you know, I'm depressed.
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What exactly do they mean by that?
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That may be different from what we're talking about terms of depression.
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So part of psychiatry is to get beyond that word and to get into how they're actually feeling,
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get rid of the jargon and get to real world examples of how they're feeling.
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So, you know, how do you, what, how much do you look forward into the future?
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How much hope do you have?
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How much planning are you doing for the future?
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So these here, now you're getting into actual things you can talk about that are unambiguous.
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If someone says, yeah i can't even i can't even think about tomorrow i
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i'm not i don't see how i'm going to get to tomorrow
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that that's a nice precise thing that you know it's it's sad it's tragic
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but but it's also that means something and we know what
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that means that's the hopelessness symptom of depression and and
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that is what i try to do
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when i do a psychiatric interview i try to get past the jargon
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and get to what's actually happening in the patient's life and in their mind.
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But as you say, ultimately, you know, this shows up across, I address this issue every day in my life,
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whether it's in the lab where we're looking at animals, whether fish or mice or rats and studying their behavior,
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or when I'm in a conversation with just a friend or a colleague, or when I'm talking to a patient,
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I never really know what's going on inside the mind of the other person.
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I get some feedback.
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I get words.
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I get behaviors.
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I get actions, but I never really know.
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Are there any very good treatments for psychiatric disease?
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Meaning, are there currently any pills, potions, forms of communication that reliably work every time or work in most patients?
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And could you give a couple of examples of great successes of psychiatry if they exist?
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Yes.
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And psychiatry, despite the depths of the mystery we struggle with, many of our treatments are actually,
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you know, we may be doing better than some other specialties in terms of actually causing therapeutic benefit for patients.
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We do help patients, you know, patients who suffer from, by the way, both medications and talk therapy have been shown to be extremely effective in many cases.
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for example, people with panic disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, just working with words,
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helping people identify the early signs of when they're starting to move toward a panic attack, what are the cognitions that are happening.
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You can train people to derail that and you can very potently treat panic disorder that way.
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There are many psychiatric medications that are very effective for the conditions that they're treating.
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Antipsychotic medications, they have side effects, but boy, do they work.
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They really can clear up auditory hallucinations, the paranoia.
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And then, you know, this is a frustrating and yet heartening aspect of psychiatry.
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There are treatments like electroconvulsive therapy, which is where, you know, it's extremely effective for depression.
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We have patients who nothing else works for them, or they can't tolerate medications, and you can administer under a very safe,
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controlled condition where the patient's body is not moving.
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They're put into a very safe situation where the body doesn't move or sees.
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It's just an internal process that's triggered in the brain.
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This is an extraordinarily effective treatment for treatment-resistant depression.
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At the same time, I find it as heartening as it is to see patients respond to this who have severe depression.
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I'm also frustrated by it.
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Why can't we do something more precise than this for these very severe cases?
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In all of these cases, though, in psychiatry, the frustrating thing is
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that we don't have the level of understanding that a cardiologist has in thinking about the heart.
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You know, the heart is, we now know, it's a pump.
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It's pumping blood, and so you can look at everything about how it's working or not working in terms of that frame.
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It's clearly a pump.
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we don't really have that level of what what is the circuit really there for in psychiatry
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What are the pieces that are going to be required to cure autism, cure Parkinson's, cure schizophrenia?
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I would imagine there are several elements and bins here.
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Understanding the natural biology, understanding what the activity patterns are, how to modify those.
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Maybe you could just tell us what you think.
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What is the bento box of the perfect cure?
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I think the first thing we need is understanding.
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What is the element of the brain that's analogous to the pumping heart?
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When we think about the symptoms of depression, that's maybe, you know, we think about motivation and dopamine neurons.
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And so then that turns our attention as neuroscientists.
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We think, okay, let's think about the parts of the brain
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that are involved in dealing with merging complex data streams
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that are very high in bit rate that need to be fused together into a unitary concept.
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And that starts to guide us, and maybe we can, and we know other animals are social in their own way, and we can study those animals.
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And so that's how I think about it.
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There's hope for the future, thinking about the symptoms as an engineer might,
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and trying to identify the circuits that are likely working to make this typical behavior happen, and that will help us understand how it becomes atypical.
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We need to know the circuits.
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We need to know the cells in the various brain regions
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and portions of the body and how they connect to one another and what the patterns of activity are under a normal,
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quote unquote, healthy interaction.
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If we understand that, then it seems that the next step, which of course could be carried out in parallel, right?
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That work can be done alongside work where various elements within those circuits are tweaked just right.
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Like the tuning of a piano in the subtle way, or maybe even like the replacement of a whole set of keys if the piano is lacking keys, so to speak.
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In 2015, there was this, what I thought was a very nice article published in the New Yorker,
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describing your work and the current state of your work in the laboratory and the clinic, and an interaction with a patient.
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So this was, as I recall, a woman who was severely depressed.
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And you reported in that article, some of the discussion with this patient, and then in real time, increase the activation of the so-called vagus nerve,
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this 10th cranial nerve that extends out of the skull and innervates many of the viscera and body.
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What is the potential for channel rhodopsins or related types of algae engineering to be used to manipulate the vagus?
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Because I believe in that instance, it wasn't channel opson stimulation.
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It was electrical stimulation, right?
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Or to manipulate, for instance, a very small localized region of the brain.
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Let me frame it a little bit differently in light of what we were talking about a couple minutes ago.
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My understanding is that if somebody has severe depression
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and they take any number of the available pharmaceutical agents that are out there, SSRI, serotonin or chick agents,
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increased dopamine, increased whatever, that sometimes they experience relief, but there are often serious side effects.
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Sometimes they don't experience relief, but as I understand it,
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channel options and their related technology in principle would allow you to turn on
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or off the specific regions of the brain that lead to the depressive symptoms, or maybe you turn up a happiness circuit or a positive anticipation circuit.
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Where are we at now in terms of bringing this technology to the nervous system?
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And let's start with body and then move into the skull.
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Yeah.
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So starting with the body is a good example because it highlights the opportunity and how far we have to go.
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So let's take this example of vagus nerve stimulation.
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So the vagus nerve, it's the 10th cranial nerve.
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It comes from the brain.
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It goes down.
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It innervates the heart, innervates the gut.
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By innervate, I mean it sends little connections down to help guide what happens in these organs in the abdomen and chest.
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It also collects information back.
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And there's information coming back from all those organs that also go through this vagus nerve, the 10th cranial nerve back to the brain.
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And so this is somewhat of a superhighway to the brain then was the idea.
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And maybe the idea is maybe we could put a little cuff, a little electrical device around the vagus nerve itself.
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So a way of getting into the brain without putting something physical into the brain.
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And why the vagus?
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I mean, it's there, but, and it's accessible.
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That's the reason.
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the reason that's the reason yes really yeah you're not kidding i'm not kidding
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so stimulating the vagus to treat depression simply
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because it's accessible it started as actually as an epilepsy uh treatment
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and it can help with epilepsy
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but the vagus nerve lands on a particular spot on the brain called the solitary tract nucleus
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which is just one synapse away from the serotonin and dopamine
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and the norepinephrine so there's a link to chemical systems in the brain that make it a a rational choice.
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Yes, it's not irrational.
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But I can tell you that even if that were not true, the same thing would have been tried.
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You would have done it anyway.
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Because it's accessible.
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I see.
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How do you think it's working when it does work?
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Is it triggering the activation of neurons that release more serotonin or dopamine?
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It could be, but I would say we don't have evidence for that.
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And so I just don't know.
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But what is clear is that it's dose limited in how high and strongly we can stimulate. And why?
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It's because it's an electrode and it's stimulating everything nearby.
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And when you turn on the vagus nerve stimulator, the patient's voice becomes strangulated and hoarse.
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They can have trouble swallowing.
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They can have trouble speaking for sure.
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Even some trouble breathing.
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Because everything in the neck, every electrically responsive cell and projection in the neck is being affected by this electrode.
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And so you can go up just so far with the intensity, and then you have to stop.
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So, you know, to your initial question, could a more precise stimulation method like optogenetics help in this setting?
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In principle, it could, because if you would target the light sensitivity to just the right kind of cell,
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let's say cell X that goes from point A to point B that you know causes symptom relief of a particular kind, then you're in business.
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You can have that be the only cell that's light sensitive.
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You're not going to affect any of the other cells, the larynx and the pharynx and the projections passing through.
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So that's the hope.
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That's the opportunity.
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The problem is that we don't yet have that level of specific knowledge.
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We don't know, okay, it's the cell starting in point A going to point B that relieves this particular sense.
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We want to fix this key on the piano out.
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I'm imagining a little tiny blue light emitting thing,
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object that's a little bigger than a clump of cells or maybe about the size of a clump of cells.
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So we're talking about a little tiny stamp, each edge, half a millimeter in size.
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I could imagine that being put under my skin.
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And then I would, what I'd hit an app on my phone and I'd say, I'd say, Dr. Diceroth, I'm not feeling great today.
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Can I increase the stimulation?
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And you say, go for it.
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And then I ramp it up.
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Is that how it would go?
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I mean, that's effectively what we already do with the vagus nerve stimulation.
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The doctor in this case, and I have this in some of my patients in the clinic.
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I do vagus nerve stimulation.
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I talk to them.
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I say how I go through the symptoms.
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I use the psychiatric interview to elicit their internal states.
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And then I have a radio frequency controller that I can dial in.
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Right there in real time.
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Right there in real time.
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You're holding the remote control essentially to their brain, although it's remote remote control through a couple steps yeah yeah
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and i can i can turn up i can turn up
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the frequency i can turn up the intensity uh all with the radio frequency
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and uh control and then it's it's reprogrammed or redosed
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and then the patient can can then leave at this altered
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dose in most patients i don't expect an immediate mood change
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what i do is i increase the the dose until next level up while asking the patient for side effects.
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Can you still breathe okay?
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Can you still swallow okay?
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And I can hear their voice as well.
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And I can get a sense.
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And you're looking at their face.
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And I'm looking at their face.
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And so I can get a sense, is there, am I still in a safe side effect regime?
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And then I stop at a particular point that looks safe and then patient goes home,
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comes back a month later and I get the report on how things were over that month.
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That's very exciting.
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What are your thoughts about brain-machine interface as something that's been happening for a long time now?
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Devices, little probes that are gonna stimulate different patterns of activity in ensembles of neurons.
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First of all, it's an amazing scientific discovery approach.
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As you mentioned, we and others here at Stanford are using electrodes, collecting information from tens of thousands of neurons.
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Even separate from the Neuralink work, as you point out, Many people have been doing this in humans as well as in non-human primates.
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And this is pretty powerful.
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It's important.
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This will let us understand what's going on in the brain in psychiatric disease, in neurological disease, and will give us ideas for treatment.
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I see that as something that will be part of psychiatry in the long run.
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already with deep brain stimulation approaches we can help people with psychiatric disorders.
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And that's putting just a single electrode, not even a complex closed loop system where you're both playing in and getting information back.
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Even just a single stimulation electrode in the brain can help people with OCD, for example, quite powerfully.
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One of the questions I get asked a lot is about ADHD and attention deficit of various kinds.
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I have the hunch that one reason I get asked
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so often is that people are feeling really distracted and challenged in funneling their attention and their behavior.
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But, and there are a number of reasons for that, of course, but what is true ADHD and what does it look like?
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What can be done for it?
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And what, if any, role for channel options or these downstream technologies that you're developing,
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what do they offer for people that suffer from ADHD or have a family member that suffers from ADHD?
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Yeah.
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This is a pretty interesting branch of psychiatry.
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There's no question that people have been helped by the treatments.
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There's active debate over what fraction of people who have these symptoms can or should be treated.
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This is typically Adderall or stimulants of some kind.
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Yeah, for example, stimulants.
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That's right.
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So ADHD, as its name suggests, it can have either a hyperactive state or an inattentive state.
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And those can be completely separate from each other.
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You could have a patient who effectively is not hyperactive at all, but can't remain focused on what's going on around them.
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So their body can be still, but their mind is darting around.
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That's right.
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Or they can be very hyperactive with their body.
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Yeah, it happens both ways.
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Probably rarely is somebody hyperactive with their body, but their mind is still.
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I notice I have to think complex, abstract thoughts.
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I notice I have to be very still.
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So my body has to be almost completely unmoving for me to think very abstractly and deeply.
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Other people are different.
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Some people, when they're running, they get their best thoughts.
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I can't even imagine that.
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My brain does not work that way at all.
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I have to be totally motionless.
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which is kind of interesting.
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How do you go about that?
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I sit much like this.
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I try to have time in each day where I am literally sitting almost in this position,
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but without distraction and thinking.
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And so it's almost meditative in some ways, except it's not true meditation, but I am thinking while not moving.
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You're trying to structure your thoughts in that time.
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Yeah.
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Interesting.
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Yeah.
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So, but everybody, as you say, is, is, is very different.
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And so with, with ADHD, you have, the key thing is we want to make sure that this is present across different domains of life,
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school and home to show that it really is a pervasive pattern and not something specific to, you know, the teacher or the home situation or something.
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And then you can help patients.
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It's interesting that, that ADHD is one of those disorders where people are trying to work from quantitative EEG-based diagnoses.
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And so there's some progress toward making up a diagnosis with looking at particular externally detectable brainwave rhythms.
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So skull cap with some electrodes that don't penetrate the skull.
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That's right.
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And this can be done in an hour or two hour session.
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That's right.
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Has to be done in the clinic, right?
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Yeah, in the clinic, right.
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You have to have the right recording apparatus and so on.
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But that's in principle, as increasing confidence comes in exactly which measurements one could even imagine moving toward home tests,
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but we're not there yet.
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Amazing.
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I think one of the reasons I get asked about it
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so much is a lot of people wonder if they have ADHD.
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Do you think that some of the lifestyle factors
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that inhabit us all these days could induce a subclinical or a clinical-like ADHD?
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Meaning if I look at people's phone use, including my own, and I don't think of it like addiction, it looks to me and feels to me more like OCD.
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And I'll come clean here by saying when I was younger, when I was a kid, I had a grunting tick.
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I used to hide it.
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I actually used to hide in the closet because my dad would make me stop.
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And I used to, I couldn't feel any relief of my mind until I would do this.
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And actually now if I get very tired, if I've been pushing long hours, it'll come back.
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Interesting.
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I was not treated for it, But I will confess that I've had the experience of, I always liked sports where I involve a lot of impact,
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fortunately not football, because I went to a high school where the football team was terrible.
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Maybe that would have avoided more impact, but things like skateboarding, boxing, they bring relief.
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I feel clarity after a head hit, which I avoid, but I used to say that's the only time I feel truly clear for a long, and then eventually it dissipated.
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By about age 16, 17, it just disappeared.
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Um, so I have great, uh, empathy for those that feel like there's something contained in them
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that won't allow them to focus on what they want to focus on.
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And these days with the phone and, and all these, uh, email, et cetera, I, I wonder, and I empathize a bit when I hear people saying like,
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I think I might have ADHD or ADD.
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Do you think it's possible that our behaviors and our interaction with the sensory world, which is really what phones and email really are, could induce ADD or reactivate it?
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Yeah, this is a great question.
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I think about it a lot.
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And you mentioned this tick-like behavior in yourself.
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It's very common that people who have ticks have this building up of something
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that can only be relieved by executing the tick, which can be a motor movement or vocalization or even a thought.
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and people do, I think these days, do have this if they haven't checked their phone in a while they do have a build up, a build up, a build up until they can check it and relieve it
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and there's some similarities there's a little reward that comes with the checking
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but the key question in all of psychiatry what we do
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is we don't diagnose something unless it's disrupting what we call social or occupational functioning You could have any number of symptoms,
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but literally every psychiatric diagnosis requires that it has to be disrupting someone's social or occupational functioning.
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And these days, checking your phone is pretty adaptive.
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That pretty much helps your social and occupational functioning.
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And so we can't make it a psychiatric diagnosis, at least in the world of today.
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I'd love your thoughts on psychedelic medicine and putting them into patients and seeing tremendous positive effects,
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but also tremendous examples of induced psychiatric illness.
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In other words, many people lost their minds as a consequence of overuse of psychedelics.
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I'll probably lose a few people out there, but I do want to talk about what is the state of these compounds?
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And I realize it's a huge category of compounds, but LSD and psilocybin, as I understand, trigger activation of particular serotonin receptor mechanisms may
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or may not lead to more widespread activation of the brain more that one wouldn't see otherwise.
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But when you look at the clinical and experimental literature, what is your sort of top contour sense of how effective these tools are going to be for treating depression?
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Well, you're right to highlight both the opportunity and the peril that is there.
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And of course, we want to help patients.
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And of course we want to to explore anything
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that might be helpful and but we want to do it in a safe
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and rigorous way but i i do think we should explore these these avenues these are um agents
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that alter reality
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and alter the experience of reality i should say in in
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relatively precise ways they they do have problems they can be addictive they can cause lasting change that is not desirable
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now
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that said uh even as these medications exist now as you
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know there's uh an impulse to to use them in very small doses
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and to use them as adjunctive treatments for for the therapy of various kinds
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and i i'm also supportive of that if done you know carefully
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and rigorously of course there's risk but there's risk with many other kinds of treatment
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and i'm not sure that the risks
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for these medications vastly outweigh the risks that we normally tolerate in other branches of medicine.
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Why would they work?
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I mean, let's say that indeed their main effect is to create more connectivity,
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at least in the moment, between brain areas.
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So psychedelics seem to be a trajectory not too far off from the dream state,
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where space and time are essentially not as rigid.
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And there is this element of synesthesia, of blending of the senses,
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you know, feeling colors and hearing light and things of that sort.
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You hear these reports anyway.
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Why would having that dreamlike experience somehow relieve depression long-term?
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Do we have any idea why that might be?
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We have some ideas and no deep understanding.
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One way I think about the psychedelics is they increase the
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willingness of our brain to accept unlikely ways of constructing the world, unlikely hypotheses, as it were,
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as to what's going on.
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The brain, in particular, our cortex, I think, is a hypothesis generation and testing machine.
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It's coming up with models about everything.
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It's got a lot of bits of data coming in, and it's making models and updating the models and changing them, theories, hypotheses for what's going on.
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And some of those never reach our conscious mind.
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And this is something I talk about in projections in the
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book quite a bit is many of these are filtered out before they get to our conscious mind.
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And that's good.
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We think how distracted we'd be if we were constantly having to evaluate all these, you know, hypotheses about, you know, what kinds of shapes or objects or processes were out there.
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And so a lot of this is handled before it gets to consciousness.
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What the psychedelics seem to do is they change the threshold for us to become aware of these incomplete hypotheses
398
or wrong hypotheses or concepts that might be noise
399
but are just wrong and so are never allowed to get into our conscious mind.
400
Now, you know, that's pretty interesting and it goes wrong in psychiatric disorders.
401
I think in schizophrenia, sometimes the paranoid
402
delusions that people have are examples of these poor models
403
that escape into the conscious mind and become accepted as reality and they never should have gotten out there.
404
Now, how could something like this in the right way help with something like depression?
405
Patients with depression often are stuck.
406
They can't look into the future world of possibilities as effectively.
407
Everything seems hopeless.
408
And what does that really mean?
409
They discount the value of their own action.
410
They discount the value of the world at giving rise to a future that matters.
411
Everything seems to run out like a river just running out into a desert and drying up.
412
and what these agents may do that increase the the flow through circuitry
413
if you will the percolation of activity through circuitry may end
414
up doing for depression is increasing the the escape of some
415
some tendrils of of process of forward progression through through the
416
world that's a concept it's how i think about it there are ways we can make
417
that rigorous we we can indeed identify in the brain by recording we can see cells
418
that represent steps along a path and look into the future
419
and we can rigorously define these cells and we can see
420
if these are altered on psychedelics and so that's one of the reasons
421
that we're working with these agents in the laboratory to say
422
is this really the case are these opening up new paths or or representations of paths into the future.
423
MDMA, ecstasy, is a unique compound in that it leads to big increases in brain levels of dopamine and serotonin simultaneously.
424
And I realized that the neuromodulators like dopamine and serotonin often work in concert,
425
not alone the way they're commonly described in the more general popular discussions.
426
However, it is a unique compound, and it's different than the serotonergic compounds like LSD and psilocybin.
427
And there are now data still emerging that it might be,
428
and in some cases can be useful for the treatment of trauma, PTSD and similar things.
429
Why would that work?
430
And a larger question, perhaps the more important question is psychedelics, MDMA, LSU, all those compounds,
431
in my mind, there are two components.
432
There's the experience you have while you're on them, and then there's the effect they have after.
433
People are generating variations of these compounds that are non-hallucinatory variations, but how crucial do you think it is to have,
434
let's stay with MDMA, the experience of huge levels of dopamine,
435
huge levels of serotonin, atypical levels of dopamine and serotonin released, having this highly abnormal experience in order to be normal again.
436
Yeah.
437
I think the brain learns from those experiences.
438
That's the way I see it.
439
And so, for example, people who've taken MDMA, they will, as you say, they'll be the acute phase of being you know on the the drug
440
and experiencing the this extreme connectedness with other people for example
441
and then the the drug uh wears off and
442
but the brain learned from that experience and
443
so what what people will report is yeah i'm not i'm not in that state
444
but i saw what was possible you know i saw yeah you can there don't need to be barriers
445
or at least not as many barriers as i I thought I can connect with more people in a way
446
that is helpful.
447
And so I think it's the learning that happens in that state that actually matters.
448
And as you described that, that sounds a lot like what I understand to be the hallmark feature of really good psychoanalysis, that the relationship between patient and therapist
449
hopefully evolves to the point where these kinds of tests can be run within the context of
450
that relationship and then exported to other relations. Is that?
451
And that probably, I'm assuming, is still the goal of really good psychiatry also.
452
It's a part of intimacy, really.
453
It should be.
454
When we have time, I think all good psychiatrists try to achieve that level of connection and learning.
455
Try to help patients create a new model that is stable, that is learned, and that can help instruct future behavior.
456
One of the things that I took from reading your book, in addition to learning so much science and the future of psychiatry and brain science was,
457
you know, amidst these very many, many kids, very tragic cases and sadness and a lot of the,
458
the, the weight that that puts on the clinician on you also,
459
that there's a, that there's a central cord of optimism that where we're headed is not just.
460
possible but very likely and and better yeah
461
and um you know it are you an optimist i am
462
and this this is by the way this was a really interesting experience in writing projections
463
because i had a a dual goal i wanted it to
464
be for everybody literally everybody in the world who wants to to to to read it
465
and yet at the same time i wanted to uh stay absolutely rigorously close to the science,
466
what was actually known.
467
When I was speaking about science, when I was speaking about the neurobiology of the brain or psychiatry,
468
I wanted to not have any of my scientific colleagues think, oh, he's going too far, he's saying too much.
469
And so I had these two goals, which I kept in my mind the entire time.
470
And a lot of this trying to find exactly the right
471
word we talked about was on this path of staying excruciatingly rigorous in the science
472
and yet letting people see the hope the the where things were have everybody see
473
that we've come a long way we have a long way to go
474
but but the trajectory and the the path is is beautiful
475
and so that that that was the the goal i i think uh you know of course
476
that sounds almost impossible to to jointly satisfy those two goals, but I kept that in my mind the whole way through.
477
And yes, I am optimistic, and I hope that it came through in the book.
478
It certainly did, and at least from this colleague, you did achieve both.
479
It's a wonderful, it's a masterful book, really, and one that as a scientist
480
and somebody who is a fellow brain explorer hits all the marks of rigor
481
and is incredibly interesting and there's a ton of storytelling.
482
Definitely check out the book.
483
There are other people in our community that of course are going to be reaching out on your behalf,
484
but it's incredible that you juggle this enormous number of things.
485
Perhaps even more important, however, is that it's all in service to this larger thing of relieving suffering.
486
So thank you so much for your time today, for the book and the work that into the book, I can't even imagine, for the laboratory work
487
and the development of channel ops and clarity and all the related technologies
488
and for the clinical work you're doing and for sharing with us.
489
Well, thank you for all you're doing and reaching out.
490
I'm very impressed by it.
491
It's important and it's so valuable.
492
Thank you for taking the time and for all your gracious words about the book.
493
Thank you.
Scarica l'app
Tutto ciò che serve per parlare fluentemente
Pronuncia con IAVoto per ogni frase
Pratica IPAPadroneggia ogni suono
VocabolarioCostruisci il tuo lessico
Gioco di vocabolarioImpara giocando
Stesso Canale
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione di livello C1 si basa sul video “Essentials: Understanding & Healing the Mind”. Questo video contiene 493 frasi e 6352 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 38:29. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 165 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Il 83% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| psychiatry sostantivo | /saɪˈkaɪ.əˌtɹi/ | psichiatria |
| symptom sostantivo | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | sintomo |
| psychiatric aggettivo | /ˌsaɪ.kiˈæt.ɹɪk/ | psichiatrico |
| stimulation sostantivo | /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/ | stimolazione |
| dopamine sostantivo | /ˈdoʊ.pəˌmin/ | dopamina |
| serotonin sostantivo | /ˌsɛɹəˈtoʊnɪn/ | serotonina |
| electrode sostantivo | /əˈlɛk.tɹəʊd/ | elettrodo |
| psychedelic aggettivo | /ˈsaɪ.kəˌdɛl.ɪk/ | psichedelico |
| schizophrenia sostantivo | /ˌskɪtsəˈfɹiniə/ | schizofrenia |
| hypothesis sostantivo | /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/ | ipotesi |
| neuron sostantivo | /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/ | neurocito |
| stimulate verbo | /ˈstɪm.jəˌleɪt/ | stimolare |
| projection sostantivo | /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/ | protuberanza |
| activation sostantivo | /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/ | attivazione |
| autism sostantivo | /ˈɔːtɪzəm/ | autismo |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| turn up verbo | presentarsi, apparire | |
| build up verbo | accumulare | |
| come back verbo | tornare | |
| go through verbo | attraversare | |
| check out verbo | investigare | |
| come up with verbo | ideare, escogitare | |
| go up verbo | salire | |
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | comporsi |
Frasi da ripetere
Frasi brevi e complete del video che puoi riutilizzare nella conversazione di tutti i giorni:
- How much hope do you have?
- How much planning are you doing for the future?
- How do you think it's working when it does work?
- Can I increase the stimulation?
- Can you still breathe okay?
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — un’azione iniziata prima e ancora in corso | that's been happening · have been doing · I've been pushing |
| “Used to” used to + verbo — un’abitudine o uno stato passato che non è più vero | used to hide · used to say |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is built · being made · be abused |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | own, which can · lecture, which was · therapy, which is |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 99 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come don't, I'm, you're. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, rhythm /ˈɹɪð.əm/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/, projection /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/, occupational /ɑkjuˈpeɪʃənəl/, measurable /ˈmɛʒəɹəbəl/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: psychiatry /saɪˈkaɪ.əˌtɹi/, psychiatric /ˌsaɪ.kiˈæt.ɹɪk/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/, serotonin /ˌsɛɹəˈtoʊnɪn/, psychedelic /ˈsaɪ.kəˌdɛl.ɪk/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, hyperactive /ˌhaɪpəɹˈæk.tɪv/, hearten /ˈhɑɹtn̩/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: vagus /ˈveɪ.ɡəs/, psychiatric /ˌsaɪ.kiˈæt.ɹɪk/, electrode /əˈlɛk.tɹəʊd/, psychedelic /ˈsaɪ.kəˌdɛl.ɪk/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: psychiatric /ˌsaɪ.kiˈæt.ɹɪk/, hyperactive /ˌhaɪpəɹˈæk.tɪv/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/, distract /dɪˈstɹækt/, sadness /ˈsædnəs/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come psychiatry, symptom, psychiatric.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.