Pratica di Shadowing: Lateral Marks Explained for Passage Planning | IALA Region A vs B Made Simple - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Creating a passage plan in areas where various types of navigational marks are present, such as lateral marks, cardinal marks,
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isolated danger marks, safe water marks, and special marks, can sometimes be challenging.
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This is particularly true for lateral marks, as they are the only type that differ between voyage regions,
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while all other marks are common to both regions.
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In this video, we will focus on lateral marks and their practical application in passage planning.
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Lateral marks defines a channel and indicate the port
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and starboard side of the navigational route to be followed when approaching a harbor, river, estuary, or other waterway from seaward.
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As early as 1976, there were more than 30 different buoyage systems in use worldwide.
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This lack of standardization often led to confusion among mariners.
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To address this, the IALA or IALA Maritime Voyage System,
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known by its full form as the International Association and Lighthouse Authorities, or the International Association of Maritime Aids and Lighthouse Authorities,
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established a unified system to provide a safe navigation globally.
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IALA introduced a system divided into two regions, Regions A and Region B.
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Region A includes Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, the Gulf region, and some Asian countries.
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Region B includes
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North, Central, and South America, as well as Japan, Korea, and Philippines.
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These regions differ only in the use of lateral marks.
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All other navigational marks mentioned earlier are common in both regions.
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With reference to the conventional direction of voyage approaching a harbor, river, estuary, or other waterway from seaward,
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In Region A, the red lateral mark, known as the port hand mark, must be kept on the port side of the vessel's track.
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The green lateral mark, known as the starboard hand mark, must be kept on the starboard side of the vessel's track.
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In Region B, these colors are reversed.
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Red lateral marks to starboard, while green to port.
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Again, it is with reference to the conventional direction of buoyage approaching a harbor, river, estuary, or other waterway from seaward.
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Before proceeding to the application of lateral marks in passage planning, it is important to understand some key characteristics of these marks.
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Lateral marks may be either buoys or fixed structures such as beacons.
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Buoys can take several forms, including cylindrical or can -shaped, conical or nun -shaped, pillar or spar.
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Fixed structures, on the other hand, may appear as piles, a post or a tower.
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In terms of color and with reference to the buoyage regions established by Ayala,
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region A uses red for port hand marks and green for starboard hand marks.
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In region B, these colors are reversed, green for port hand marks, and red for starboard hand marks.
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Regardless of shape and regions, the top mark remains consistent in form.
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A port hand mark is fitted with a single cylinder or can top mark,
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while a starboard hand mark is fitted with a single cone pointing upward.
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The only difference between regions is the color, not the shape.
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Due to this consistency, a simple and effective mnemonic can be used.
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Can to port, cone to starboard.
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Again, can to port, cone to starboard.
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It is also important to note that some lateral buoys or beacons may not carry top marks.
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In such cases, the shape of the buoy or beacon itself serves as the identifier.
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When lateral marks are fitted with lights, the color of the light corresponds to the color of the mark.
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These lights may exhibit various phase characteristics, such as quick flashing, flashing, long flashing, or group flashing.
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However, composite group flashing 2 plus 1 is not used for standard lateral marks,
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as this characteristic is specifically reserved for preferred channel marks which are a modified form of lateral marks.
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This will be discussed later in the video.
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Let us examine this chart.
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This section lies within Region A.
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Assume we are planning a passage as an eastbound vessel approaching the Elbe River bound for Hamburg, Germany.
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When laying down the planned track, the red lateral marks must be kept on the port side,
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while the green lateral marks must be kept on the starboard side.
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Where top marks are fitted, we can clearly observe the principle.
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Can to port, cone to starboard.
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Now, let's consider another chart.
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This section is located in the United States, which belongs to region B.
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A vessel is approaching the harbor.
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The planned track must again be laid between the lateral marks.
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However, in this region, the color system is reversed.
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Red marks indicate the starboard side, while green marks indicate the port side.
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Despite this difference in color, the shapes of the top marks remain the same.
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A can -shaped top mark indicates the port side, and a cone -shaped top mark indicates the starboard side.
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This reinforces the same mnemonic, can to port, cone to starboard, regardless of regions.
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However, consider a different scenario.
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This chart section is from China, which is within region A.
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Assume we are preparing a passage plan is a westbound vessel approaching a river.
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Let's take a closer look at this section.
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When laying down the track, red marks to port and green marks to starboard relative to the direction of voyage,
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if any uncertainty arises, always refer to the top marks and recall the mnemonic can to port, cone to starboard.
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This rule applies consistently regardless of whether you are navigating in region A or region B.
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Let us examine this chart section in Singapore, which falls under region A.
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Assume we are preparing a passage plan from this point toward the port.
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The first leg of the planned track may be laid as shown.
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Here we observe a conical lateral mark.
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Applying the mnemonic, cone to starboard, this mark must be kept on the starboard side of the vessel.
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Now the question may arise, can we lay the track in this manner for the next leg,
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considering that this is a starboard hand mark in region A?
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The answer is no. This is because there is a north cardinal mark in the vicinity.
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By definition, safe water lies to the north of a north cardinal mark.
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Therefore, the planned track must pass to the north of this mark.
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However, if we adjust the track accordingly, we must also ensure consistency with the lateral marks.
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In this case, the starboard hand mark would then lie on the port side of the track, which contradicts the rule cone to starboard.
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Therefore, this track is not acceptable.
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To resolve this, we must extend and adjust the planned track.
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When establishing the next leg, the lateral mark must correctly lie on the starboard side,
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in accordance with the mnemonic CAN to port, CON to starboard.
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At the same time, the track must pass to the south of this south cardinal mark, ensuring compliance with both lateral and cardinal mark requirements.
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If you are not yet familiar with cardinal marks, a separate video covering this topic in detail is available.
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You may check the link provided in the description for the full tutorial.
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At the point where the channel divides, a modified lateral mark, known as a preferred channel mark, is used to indicate the recommended route.
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The alternative route is considered the secondary channel.
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In region A, preferred channel marks follow the same basic color scheme as lateral marks, with the addition of a single broad horizontal band.
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A preferred channel to starboard is red with a broad green horizontal band.
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A preferred channel to port is green with a broad red horizontal band.
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In Region B, the colors are reversed.
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A preferred channel to starboard is green with a broad red horizontal band.
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A preferred channel to port is red with a broad green horizontal band.
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When fitted with a light, the color of the light corresponds to the color of the mark,
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and it exhibits a composite group flashing 2 plus 1.
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This light pattern is the same for both port and starboard preferred channels, only the color differs.
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Although preferred channel marks may initially appear more complex than standard lateral marks, their top marks remain consistent.
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A cylindrical can top mark indicates the port side.
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while a conical top mark indicates the starboard side.
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Therefore, when creating a passage plan, with reference to the conventional direction of voyage approaching a harbor, river, estuary, or other waterway from seaward,
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the same reliable mnemonic can be applied for preferred channels.
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Can to port, cone to starboard.
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If any confusion arises, particularly with color differences between regions, always refer to the top mark,
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as this principle applies consistently in both region A and region B.
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That concludes this discussion.
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I hope you found this video helpful.
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Thank you for watching, and see you in the next one.
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Bye.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “Lateral Marks Explained for Passage Planning”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: mark, region, starboard, lateral, port. Questo video contiene 110 frasi e 1457 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 10:41. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 136 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Solo il 75% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| lateral aggettivo | /ˈlætəɹəl/ | laterale |
| cone sostantivo | /ˈkoʊn/ | cono |
| indicate verbo | /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/ | indicare |
| passage sostantivo | /ˈpæsɪd͡ʒ/ | passo |
| flash verbo | /flæʃ/ | lampeggiare, balenare |
| cardinal sostantivo | /ˈkɑːd(ɪ)nəl/ | cardinale |
| harbor sostantivo | /ˈhɑːbə/ | porto |
| horizontal aggettivo | /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/ | orizzontale |
| voyage sostantivo | /ˈvɔɪ.ɪd͡ʒ/ | viaggio |
| chart sostantivo | /t͡ʃɑɹt/ | carta, carta nautica |
| reverse sostantivo | /ɹɪˈvɝs/ | contrario, opposto |
| vessel sostantivo | /ˈvɛsəl/ | vascello, imbarcazione |
| regardless avverbio | /ɹɪˈɡɑɹd.lɪs/ | comunque, in ogni caso |
| establish verbo | /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ | stabilire, confermare |
| conventional aggettivo | /kənˈvɛnʃənl̩/ | convenzionale |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | be followed · must be kept · are reversed |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | marks which are · China, which is |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: flash /flæʃ/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, conventional /kənˈvɛnʃənl̩/, confusion /kənˈfjuːʒən/, navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, consistently /kənˈsɪstəntli/, consistency /kənˈsɪs.tən.si/, acceptable /əkˈsɛp.tə.bəl/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: harbor /ˈhɑːbə/, horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: indicate /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/, passage /ˈpæsɪd͡ʒ/, flash /flæʃ/, bind /ˈbaɪ̯nd/, voyage /ˈvɔɪ.ɪd͡ʒ/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/, passage /ˈpæsɪd͡ʒ/, flash /flæʃ/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come lateral, cone, indicate.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.