Shadowing Practice: Lateral Marks Explained for Passage Planning | IALA Region A vs B Made Simple - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Creating a passage plan in areas where various types of navigational marks are present, such as lateral marks, cardinal marks,
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isolated danger marks, safe water marks, and special marks, can sometimes be challenging.
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This is particularly true for lateral marks, as they are the only type that differ between voyage regions,
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while all other marks are common to both regions.
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In this video, we will focus on lateral marks and their practical application in passage planning.
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Lateral marks defines a channel and indicate the port
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and starboard side of the navigational route to be followed when approaching a harbor, river, estuary, or other waterway from seaward.
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As early as 1976, there were more than 30 different buoyage systems in use worldwide.
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This lack of standardization often led to confusion among mariners.
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To address this, the IALA or IALA Maritime Voyage System,
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known by its full form as the International Association and Lighthouse Authorities, or the International Association of Maritime Aids and Lighthouse Authorities,
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established a unified system to provide a safe navigation globally.
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IALA introduced a system divided into two regions, Regions A and Region B.
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Region A includes Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, the Gulf region, and some Asian countries.
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Region B includes
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North, Central, and South America, as well as Japan, Korea, and Philippines.
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These regions differ only in the use of lateral marks.
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All other navigational marks mentioned earlier are common in both regions.
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With reference to the conventional direction of voyage approaching a harbor, river, estuary, or other waterway from seaward,
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In Region A, the red lateral mark, known as the port hand mark, must be kept on the port side of the vessel's track.
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The green lateral mark, known as the starboard hand mark, must be kept on the starboard side of the vessel's track.
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In Region B, these colors are reversed.
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Red lateral marks to starboard, while green to port.
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Again, it is with reference to the conventional direction of buoyage approaching a harbor, river, estuary, or other waterway from seaward.
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Before proceeding to the application of lateral marks in passage planning, it is important to understand some key characteristics of these marks.
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Lateral marks may be either buoys or fixed structures such as beacons.
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Buoys can take several forms, including cylindrical or can -shaped, conical or nun -shaped, pillar or spar.
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Fixed structures, on the other hand, may appear as piles, a post or a tower.
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In terms of color and with reference to the buoyage regions established by Ayala,
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region A uses red for port hand marks and green for starboard hand marks.
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In region B, these colors are reversed, green for port hand marks, and red for starboard hand marks.
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Regardless of shape and regions, the top mark remains consistent in form.
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A port hand mark is fitted with a single cylinder or can top mark,
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while a starboard hand mark is fitted with a single cone pointing upward.
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The only difference between regions is the color, not the shape.
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Due to this consistency, a simple and effective mnemonic can be used.
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Can to port, cone to starboard.
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Again, can to port, cone to starboard.
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It is also important to note that some lateral buoys or beacons may not carry top marks.
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In such cases, the shape of the buoy or beacon itself serves as the identifier.
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When lateral marks are fitted with lights, the color of the light corresponds to the color of the mark.
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These lights may exhibit various phase characteristics, such as quick flashing, flashing, long flashing, or group flashing.
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However, composite group flashing 2 plus 1 is not used for standard lateral marks,
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as this characteristic is specifically reserved for preferred channel marks which are a modified form of lateral marks.
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This will be discussed later in the video.
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Let us examine this chart.
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This section lies within Region A.
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Assume we are planning a passage as an eastbound vessel approaching the Elbe River bound for Hamburg, Germany.
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When laying down the planned track, the red lateral marks must be kept on the port side,
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while the green lateral marks must be kept on the starboard side.
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Where top marks are fitted, we can clearly observe the principle.
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Can to port, cone to starboard.
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Now, let's consider another chart.
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This section is located in the United States, which belongs to region B.
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A vessel is approaching the harbor.
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The planned track must again be laid between the lateral marks.
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However, in this region, the color system is reversed.
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Red marks indicate the starboard side, while green marks indicate the port side.
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Despite this difference in color, the shapes of the top marks remain the same.
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A can -shaped top mark indicates the port side, and a cone -shaped top mark indicates the starboard side.
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This reinforces the same mnemonic, can to port, cone to starboard, regardless of regions.
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However, consider a different scenario.
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This chart section is from China, which is within region A.
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Assume we are preparing a passage plan is a westbound vessel approaching a river.
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Let's take a closer look at this section.
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When laying down the track, red marks to port and green marks to starboard relative to the direction of voyage,
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if any uncertainty arises, always refer to the top marks and recall the mnemonic can to port, cone to starboard.
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This rule applies consistently regardless of whether you are navigating in region A or region B.
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Let us examine this chart section in Singapore, which falls under region A.
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Assume we are preparing a passage plan from this point toward the port.
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The first leg of the planned track may be laid as shown.
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Here we observe a conical lateral mark.
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Applying the mnemonic, cone to starboard, this mark must be kept on the starboard side of the vessel.
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Now the question may arise, can we lay the track in this manner for the next leg,
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considering that this is a starboard hand mark in region A?
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The answer is no. This is because there is a north cardinal mark in the vicinity.
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By definition, safe water lies to the north of a north cardinal mark.
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Therefore, the planned track must pass to the north of this mark.
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However, if we adjust the track accordingly, we must also ensure consistency with the lateral marks.
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In this case, the starboard hand mark would then lie on the port side of the track, which contradicts the rule cone to starboard.
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Therefore, this track is not acceptable.
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To resolve this, we must extend and adjust the planned track.
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When establishing the next leg, the lateral mark must correctly lie on the starboard side,
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in accordance with the mnemonic CAN to port, CON to starboard.
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At the same time, the track must pass to the south of this south cardinal mark, ensuring compliance with both lateral and cardinal mark requirements.
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If you are not yet familiar with cardinal marks, a separate video covering this topic in detail is available.
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You may check the link provided in the description for the full tutorial.
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At the point where the channel divides, a modified lateral mark, known as a preferred channel mark, is used to indicate the recommended route.
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The alternative route is considered the secondary channel.
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In region A, preferred channel marks follow the same basic color scheme as lateral marks, with the addition of a single broad horizontal band.
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A preferred channel to starboard is red with a broad green horizontal band.
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A preferred channel to port is green with a broad red horizontal band.
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In Region B, the colors are reversed.
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A preferred channel to starboard is green with a broad red horizontal band.
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A preferred channel to port is red with a broad green horizontal band.
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When fitted with a light, the color of the light corresponds to the color of the mark,
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and it exhibits a composite group flashing 2 plus 1.
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This light pattern is the same for both port and starboard preferred channels, only the color differs.
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Although preferred channel marks may initially appear more complex than standard lateral marks, their top marks remain consistent.
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A cylindrical can top mark indicates the port side.
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while a conical top mark indicates the starboard side.
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Therefore, when creating a passage plan, with reference to the conventional direction of voyage approaching a harbor, river, estuary, or other waterway from seaward,
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the same reliable mnemonic can be applied for preferred channels.
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Can to port, cone to starboard.
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If any confusion arises, particularly with color differences between regions, always refer to the top mark,
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as this principle applies consistently in both region A and region B.
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That concludes this discussion.
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I hope you found this video helpful.
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Thank you for watching, and see you in the next one.
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Bye.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה מבוסס על הסרטון “Lateral Marks Explained for Passage Planning”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: mark, region, starboard, lateral, port. בסרטון הזה יש 110 משפטים ו-1457 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 10:41. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-136 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. רק 75% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 מילים מהסרטון שכדאי ללמוד, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| cone שם עצם | /ˈkoʊn/ | חָרוּט |
| cardinal שם עצם | /ˈkɑːd(ɪ)nəl/ | חַשְׁמָן |
| harbor שם עצם | /ˈhɑːbə/ | נָמֵל |
| horizontal שם תואר | /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/ | אפקי |
| voyage שם עצם | /ˈvɔɪ.ɪd͡ʒ/ | הַפְלָגָה |
| chart שם עצם | /t͡ʃɑɹt/ | מַפָּה יַמִּית |
| establish פועל | /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ | ייסד |
| characteristic שם עצם | /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ | סממן |
| beacon שם עצם | /ˈbiːkən/ | מַשּׂוּאָה |
| consistent שם תואר | /kənˈsɪs.tənt/ | עקבי ikví |
| principle שם עצם | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | עִקָּרוֹן |
| confusion שם עצם | /kənˈfjuːʒən/ | בִּלְבּוּל |
| divide פועל | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | חילק, פיצל |
| adjust פועל | /əˈd͡ʒʌst/ | כוונן, התאים |
| composite שם תואר | /kəmˈpɑzɪt/ | מורכב |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | be followed · must be kept · are reversed |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | marks which are · China, which is |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: flash /flæʃ/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, conventional /kənˈvɛnʃənl̩/, confusion /kənˈfjuːʒən/, navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, consistently /kənˈsɪstəntli/, consistency /kənˈsɪs.tən.si/, acceptable /əkˈsɛp.tə.bəl/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: requirement /ɹɪˈkwaɪɹmənt/, upward /ˈʌpwɚd/, seaward /ˈsiwəɹd/, waterway /ˈwɔːtəweɪ/, westbound /ˈwɛstbaʊnd/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/, passage /ˈpæsɪd͡ʒ/, flash /flæʃ/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/, horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, chart /t͡ʃɑɹt/, reverse /ɹɪˈvɝs/, regardless /ɹɪˈɡɑɹd.lɪs/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו cone, cardinal, harbor.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.