シャドーイング練習: Evaluating Sources & Fact Checking: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #6 - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Are you eating a credit card's worth of plastic every week?
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Uh, probably not.
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But if you saw headlines like this, you might worry that you are.
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These days, trying to piece together what to believe can feel impossible.
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But we can still find reliable, trustworthy answers, as long as we know how to look for them.
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Hi, I'm Hank Green, and welcome to Crash Course Scientific Thinking.
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You probably already know that you shouldn't believe everything read, watch, or hear.
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On an internet where everyone is competing both for attention and to control narratives, it's no surprise that there are plenty of distortions,
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exaggerations, baseless claims, propaganda, and whatever this is.
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But it's also home to lots of good scientific information, too.
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So when it comes to something as important as science, how do we figure out what's reliable?
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Well, it helps to understand how a science story like this becomes news in the first place.
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See, that CNN article isn't the whole story.
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It's just the part we see as consumers of science news.
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That science news tastes bad.
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Think of it like the tip of the iceberg.
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There's a lot more going on below the surface.
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CNN got the details from this report by the WWF.
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No, not the wrestling group from the 90s, the Worldwide Fund for Nature.
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And they got it from a study they commissioned from researchers at Australia's University of Newcastle,
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which reported a range of possible amounts of plastic that people might consume in a week, from a high of 5 grams all the way down to 0.1 grams.
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But the WWF only reported the high end of the range, saying an average person could be ingesting approximately 5 grams of plastic per week,
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about the size of a credit card.
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And that technically could be true.
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It could be that much.
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There's a lot of things that could be true.
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It's like when an insurance company says, I could save you up to 15% or more on your car insurance.
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Up to 15% or more?
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That's all of the percents.
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So why would they do that?
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Well, different kinds of publications have different kinds of goals.
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And as a savvy consumer of science media, it's helpful for you to consider what those goals might be.
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Like, the WWF is a nonprofit advocacy group whose goal is to preserve nature through lobbying and research.
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So they might really want to sound the alarm about microplastics in order to bring people into their broader mission.
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Considering an outlet's goals gives us, as consumers, more information to consider.
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It gives us a broader context than just the story would alone.
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And while I would agree that microplastics are a big deal, only reporting on the upper range to make the situation feel more urgent
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and headline-worthy can make a situation seem a lot more dire than it actually is, and intentionally or not, be misleading.
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News organizations, by the way, also have goals that we should take into consideration.
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the goal to get a lot of people to click on an article.
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And a headline that says, you might eat between a tenth of a gram and five grams of microplastics every week, is not gonna get the clicks.
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What gets reported in the news is sometimes different from the information in the primary source, the first-hand account from the scientists who actually conducted the study.
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The primary source is the most accurate representation of what the scientists who conducted the research actually found.
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In this particular instance, the primary source was the study from the researchers at Newcastle who reported a range of possible amounts of plastic ingestion.
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So what happened between the primary source and CNN?
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Well, the Newcastle team got their results and shared them with the WWF.
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It was then written into a report by consultants who had
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not conducted the research directly in what we would call a secondary source.
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And this secondary source only listed the upper range of plastic we could be eating.
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Those are the numbers that got picked up by CNN.
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In science, news articles are often tertiary sources.
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They summarize the information of primary and secondary sources, and are usually not written by scientists.
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Sometimes when science gets reported, it can also get distorted.
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Sometimes it's an honest mistake, someone somewhere along the way got their facts mixed up.
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We call that misinformation.
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Information that is wrong or misleading.
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But because, as the kids say, we live in a society, we also have to worry about disinformation.
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that is intentionally misleading or false.
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But here's the thing.
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None of this means that we have to stop trusting reputable news organizations, or even advocacy organizations like the WWF wholesale.
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It just means we need to be more diligent when we are consuming news.
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And good science journalists have learned to navigate the scientific community.
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They often have experts they can reach out to for second opinions,
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and they present useful context behind a story to help the reader understand how the news fits into larger conversations in science.
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So, what does this mean for us?
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How can we, as non-scientists and non-journalists, dig down and figure out when a story is reliable and when it isn't?
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I think it's time for some sage advice.
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That's the key, Hank.
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You don't dig, you sift.
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It's a way of evaluating sources developed by digital literacy expert Mike Caulfield from the University of Washington.
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The S stands for stop.
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Stop.
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When you see something that triggers a strong emotional response, you should stop and really think about what you're reading.
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So don't immediately text everyone I know and tell them
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that they couldn't book a flight with all the microplastics inside of them.
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Got it.
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What's next?
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Ah, investigate the source, the place that published the information.
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Who's putting it out there? And why?
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In this case, we're looking at CNN.
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How do we find out if CNN is a reputable source?
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Well, we know they've been around for over 40 years.
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But let's investigate a bit further.
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So let's open a new tab and get the scoop on CNN.
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It looks like they're in the green zone on this media bias chart from Harvard Library's research guides.
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We call this strategy lateral reading.
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Checking other websites, newspapers, and media guides like this one to make sure
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that the source you're getting the original information from is on the up and up.
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So if the original source is trustworthy, then we're good?
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Not yet.
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Up next is F.
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Find better coverage.
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Using those same lateral reading skills, we need to check if other sources are reporting the same thing.
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What are other outlets reporting?
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In this case, we can find some other sources citing the credit card stat.
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But we can also find reputable sources saying that it's misleading.
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If other reputable sources are disagreeing, it's a sign to take the source you found with a grain of salt.
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If other sources are agreeing, then it's a good sign you can dig deeper into what you read.
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So you've got to read not just beyond the headline, but beyond the first source, especially before you share it.
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Then you won't be surprised to hear the T.
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T is for trace claims to their original context.
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This is a big one.
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Often when we see quotes or images online, they're being taken out of context.
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So tracing them back to their origin can help us figure out if we're seeing the whole story.
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In this case, the CNN article tells us that the credit card claim comes from the WWF article, which CNN links to.
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There we can see that they got the claim from this original study.
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And here we can see the information in its original context, which stated humans may ingest 0.1 to 5 grams of microplastics weekly.
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Not, you're eating a credit card.
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Much more nuanced.
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So the high end of this range, which was in the original report, is actually 50 times greater than the low end of the range.
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That's a lot.
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And this has been your Sage Advice.
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Thanks, Sage.
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Okay, so sift is awesome, and in an age where we're getting so much of our news from social media,
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it's more important than ever for us to be discerning about the information that we are absorbing and sharing.
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Like, you will almost never see a primary source in a TikTok video.
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That should raise immediate red flags and encourage you to start sifting.
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Also, ChatGPT and other generative AI tools do not pass the SIFT test.
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They are not trustworthy as primary sources.
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And I get it, fact-checking can feel like a lot of work.
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For me, the SIFT method is a great tool, but there are other fact-checking methods out there, and the one you use and how you use it is a personal choice.
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But reliability isn't.
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Some sources are just more reliable and more trustworthy than others, and our personal biases don't change that.
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Like, the WWF might be an organization that does a lot of good, but there's still an advocacy group which is going to advocate for a certain cause.
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And that might mean occasionally misrepresenting scientific information.
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The point is, anytime we're looking at any source of science information, we have to remember that reputation
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and motive are among the most important things we should be looking for when it comes to sources.
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There might be a conflict of interest, like with the WWF, or even an obvious lack of reliability or trustworthiness when we start sifting through our sources.
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Thinking critically about the sources we're getting our news from is
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one of the best ways to make sure we aren't consuming a credit card's worth of bad information every week.
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But it's not foolproof.
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Even the sift method will let us down sometimes.
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Like we learned back in episode 1, none of us are immune to bad information.
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But tools like lateral reading are some of the best shields we have against the tide of mistruths.
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And I think that you'll find that as you start to sift through the sources, the trustworthy ones will rise to the surface more often than not.
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In our final episode, we're going to explore the crossroad of science and public perception.
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I'll see you then.
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This episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking was produced in partnership with HHMI BioInteractive,
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bringing real science stories to thousands of high school and undergrad life science classrooms.
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If you're a teacher, visit their website for resources that explore the topics we discussed in the video today.
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Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, which was filmed in Missoula, Montana, and was made with the help of all of these nice people.
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If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever, you can join our community on Patreon.
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このレッスンについて
このレッスンでは、情報の信頼性を評価し、事実確認の重要性について学びます。特に、科学的なニュースの背後にある情報の流れを理解し、どのようにして信頼できる情報を見つけることができるのかを考えます。また、英語の聴解力を向上させるために、映像のスピードに合わせた英語シャドーイングの練習方法についても紹介します。
重要な語彙とフレーズ
- 信頼性 (しんらいせい) - reliability
- 事実確認 (じじつかくにん) - fact checking
- 科学的情報 (かがくてきじょうほう) - scientific information
- 二次情報 (にじじょうほう) - secondary source
- 一次情報 (いちじじょうほう) - primary source
- 警鐘を鳴らす (けいしょうをならす) - to sound the alarm
- 誇張する (こちょうする) - to exaggerate
- マイクロプラスチック (まいくろぷらすちっく) - microplastics
練習のヒント
このビデオでは情報を伝えるスピードが適度であり、発音もはっきりしています。そのため、英語シャドーイングの練習に非常に適しています。以下のポイントに注意して実践しましょう：
- 最初にビデオを観て、全体の流れを把握します。
- 再生速度を少し遅く設定し、発音を手本にしながら繰り返します。
- 重要な語彙やフレーズをピックアップし、それらを使用して文を作成してみてください。
- 英語の発音を良くするために、特に難しい部分は何度も繰り返してください。
- 結果を録音し、後で自分の発音と比較して改善点を見つけます。
この方法を通じて、英語スピーキング練習が効果的になり、学んだことを自信を持って使えるようになるでしょう。シャドーイングに適した内容なので、shadowspeakやshadowing siteを活用して、さらに練習を深めてみてください。
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | was then written · are usually not written · being taken |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | have learned · they've been · has been |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | range, which was · group which is · Thinking, which was |
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。