シャドーイング練習: RE2 Unit 11A - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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Track 21.
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Reading 11a.
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The Knowledge Illusion.
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A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total.
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The bat costs $1 more than the ball.
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How much does the ball cost?
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If you answered 10 cents, you're not alone.
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Most people give the same answer.
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The correct answer is 5 cents.
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It's an example of how we often rely on intuitive responses, answers we feel are true.
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People give answers that pop into their mind, says cognitive scientist Stephen Sloman.
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We don't spend much time reflecting and checking whether the answer is right or wrong.
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The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news.
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It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman, but the trick with fake news is to know to verify.
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In other words, to stop and question what you know.
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In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain.
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They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was.
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They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain.
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Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they did not understand the concept.
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The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery.
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This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works.
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When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of 2.
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The scientists' confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding, Sloman says.
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According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion.
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This idea can be seen in many fields, including politics.
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If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is crooked, Sloman says, then you're going to start thinking that you understand too.
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Another explanation for the spread of fake news is motivated reasoning, writes Adam Waits, a management professor at the Kellogg School.
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We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions.
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If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you're more likely to trust damaging stories about them.
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Over time, Waits argues, motivated reasoning can lead to a false social consensus.
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So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves?
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I don't think it's possible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter, Sloman admits.
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It is just too human to believe what you're told.
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However, training people to care about fact-checking is important, he argues, especially in online communities.
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Think of the headlines and stories that are shared on your social media feed every day.
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Probably these fit in with your own worldview, but perhaps not all of them are true.
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Develop a norm in your community that says, we should check things and not just take them at face value, Sloman says.
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Verify before you believe.
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このレッスンについて
このビデオでは「知識の幻想」について議論し、直感的な回答のリスクやフェイクニュースの拡散要因、そして対策について学びます。英語スピーキング練習に最適な内容で、論理的な議論のスピードとトーンを体得できます。IELTS スピーキング対策にも役立つ、現実的なトピックを通して、英語の理解と表現力を向上させましょう。
重要な語彙とフレーズ
- intuitive response：直感的な回答
- verify：検証する
- contagion：伝染（ここでは知識の拡散の様子を表す）
- motivated reasoning：動機づけられた推論（既存の信念に合わせた判断）
- fact-checking：事実確認
練習のヒント
shadow speech（シャドーイング）を行う際は、ビデオのスピードに合わせて声を出して繰り返しましょう。特に「The bat and ball question helps explain why...」のような長い文は、ポーズを捉えながら発音を確認します。英語の発音を良くするコツとして、「contagion」のような難しい単語は分解して練習し（con-ta-gion）、リズムを覚えます。
shadowspeaksの技術を使うと、自然なトーンとイントネーションを身につけられます。ビデオの中で「We don't spend much time reflecting...」という部分は、否定文の強調の仕方が重要です。繰り返し練習して、自分の言葉のように話せるようになりましょう。また、議論の流れを追うことで、論理的な思考を英語で表現する能力も向上します。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。