シャドーイング練習: RE2 Unit 11A - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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38 文
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Track 21.
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Reading 11a.
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The Knowledge Illusion.
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A bat and a ball cost $1 .10 in total.
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The bat costs $1 more than the ball.
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How much does the ball cost?
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If you answer $0 .10, you're not alone.
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Most people give the same answer.
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The correct answer is $0 .05.
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It's an example of how we often rely on intuitive responses, answers we feel are true.
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People give answers that pop into their mind, says cognitive scientist Stephen Sloman.
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We don't spend much time reflecting and checking whether the answer is right or wrong.
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The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news.
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It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman, but the trick with fake news is to know to verify,
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in other words, to stop and question what you know.
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In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain.
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They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was.
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They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain.
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Most volunteers rated themselves one out of seven, meaning they did not understand the concept.
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The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery.
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This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works.
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When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of two.
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The scientists' confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding, Sloman says.
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According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion.
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This idea can be seen in many fields, including politics.
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If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is crooked, Sloman says, then you're going to start thinking that you understand too.
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Another explanation for the spread of fake news is motivated reasoning, writes Adam Waits, a management professor at the Kellogg School.
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We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions.
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If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you're more likely to trust damaging stories about them.
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Over time, Waits argues, motivated reasoning can lead to a false social consensus.
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So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves?
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I don't think it's possible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter, Sloman admits.
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It is just too human to believe what you're told.
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However, training people to care about fact -checking is important, he argues, especially in online communities.
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Think of the headlines and stories that are shared on your social media feed every day.
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Probably these fit in with your own worldview, but perhaps not all of them are true.
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Develop a norm in your community that says we should check things and not just take them at face value, Sloman says.
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Verify before you believe.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「RE2 Unit 11A」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：Sloman, answer, volunteers, ball, verify。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が38文、単語が470語あります。 音声の長さは3:27です。 話す速さは1分あたり約136語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 単語の83%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| volunteer 名詞 | /ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/ | 有志, ボランティア |
| scientist 名詞 | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | 科学者 |
| argue 動詞 | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | 議論する, 論ずる |
| discovery 名詞 | /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/ | 発見 |
| motivate 動詞 | /ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/ | 動機を与える |
| naturally 副詞 | /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ | 勿論 |
| trick 名詞 | /ˈtɹɪk/ | 欺き, 企み |
| explanation 名詞 | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | 説明 |
| confirm 動詞 | /kənˈfɝm/ | 確認する |
| reflect 動詞 | /ɹɪˈflɛkt/ | 跳ね返す, 反射する |
| experiment 名詞 | /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ | 実験 |
| rely 動詞 | /ɹɪˈlaɪ/ | 頼る, あてにする |
| encounter 動詞 | /ɪnˈkaʊntɚ/ | 出会う, 遭遇する |
| rat 名詞 | /ɹæt/ | 鼠, ネズミ |
| politician 名詞 | /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/ | 政治家, 政客 |
注意したい発音
話し手はyou're, don'tなど、短縮形や弱形を6回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/, intuitive /ɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: volunteer /ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, reflect /ɹɪˈflɛkt/, rely /ɹɪˈlaɪ/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: volunteer /ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/, verify /ˈvɛɹɪfaɪ/, discovery /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/, motivate /ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/, cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: verify /ˈvɛɹɪfaɪ/, confirm /kənˈfɝm/, reflect /ɹɪˈflɛkt/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。volunteer, scientist, argueなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。