シャドーイング練習: How Can You Change Somebody's Opinion? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Do you ever get into an argument where you know you're right

and yet even with your eloquent explanations and all of the facts on your side, you just can't get through?

Is there a strategic way to successfully convince somebody and change their opinion?

The first and most disappointing thing that you have to come to terms with is this.

Facts don't convince people, especially if they already have an opinion.

We all like to think that information or indisputable studies would convince us in an argument,

but study after study shows that when certain facts don't conform to our beliefs, our brains are happy to disregard or simply rationalize them away.

In one study, scientists asked people if they believed in man -made climate change

and then categorized them as either believers or deniers.

They then told some that scientists had re -evaluated the data

and concluded that predictions for the future were much worse than before, while some others were told the situation wasn't nearly as bad as once thought.

But these facts had an interesting result on their beliefs.

People who didn't believe in climate change and were told

that things were going to be much worse completely ignored this fact and their opinions were unchanged.

But if they were told that things weren't nearly as bad, their beliefs moved much farther in that direction.

And the same thing happened to those who believed strongly in climate change.

When told that things are now predicted to be worse, they shifted their opinions more strongly in that direction,

whereas those told it wouldn't be so bad didn't change their opinions at all.

The facts only caused people to polarize.

It turns out that once formed, people's impressions and opinions are extremely perseverant,

and cognitive scientists say much of this is actually linked to our ability as humans to cooperate,

a skill that no other animal has to the degree that humans do.

From hunting and gathering to agriculture and modern computers, our cooperation allows us to rely on one another's expertise instead of knowing everything.

As a result, we can hardly tell where our own understanding ends and another begins.

Ultimately, strong beliefs don't actually come from deep understanding.

This is known as the illusion of explanatory depth.

If I asked you to rate your understanding of something like a toilet,

zippers, or computers, chances are you believe you know way more than you actually do.

Go on and try to explain, step by step, how a toilet or a zipper functions in detail.

Sometimes this simple act can expose how baseless ours or another's opinion is.

In one study when participants were asked to rate their opinions of public policies like healthcare, and then later asked to explain,

in as much detail as possible, the impact of implementing those policies, they would quickly turn down the intensity of their beliefs,

having been exposed to their own ignorance.

How else can we overcome these tendencies and convince people in an argument?

It turns out that we need to focus on the common motive, as put by Tylee Sherat, a cognitive neuroscientist.

That is, focus on the motives and things you can agree on.

One study looking at parents afraid to vaccinate their children because of the fear of autism, found that if they simply told them the facts,

that the science shows there's no link between the two, they wouldn't listen.

But when they focused on the common goal of protecting the children, and explained what vaccines are meant to prevent things like measles,

mumps, polio, tetanus, and how those diseases impact children who get them, without even mentioning autism, they were more likely to have their kids vaccinated after.

Finally, humans are known to have something called an in -group and out -group bias.

We tend to be skeptical of outsiders, or people who we see as different from us.

This can come in the form of race, religion, physical traits, gender, but also in the form of ideas.

So people who don't share your ideas are part of your out -group.

Studies have been done to show that

if you can find a way to relate to people and have them see you in a different light,

to see you as part of their in -group, they're much more likely to listen to you than if they think you are nothing like them.

Find a group that you're both part of and use that as a point of personal connection.

Now, if you've ever wanted to challenge your own opinions or become more aware of those opinions contrary to your own,

then you should definitely check out

Bubble, a really awesome new company that I love, which uses machine learning to send you stuff you'll like,

but with a twist of also sending stuff that will nudge you outside of your filter bubble.

It's a cool tool that first analyzes you and your interests through questions,

pictures, and videos, and then helps you flex your mental muscles with some stuff that wouldn't normally be in your feed.

It's a really nice way to expose yourself to a broader view of the world online, And it's completely free.

You can check out the chatbot on Facebook by clicking the link below

and then clicking the get started button to launch the chatbot.

Help mind your feed and feed your mind.

And subscribe for more weekly science videos every Thursday.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「How Can You Change Somebody's Opinion?」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：opinion, study, beliefs, scientist, convince。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が6文、単語が913語あります。音声の長さは4:37です。話す速さは速く、1分あたり約198語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。単語の85%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
belief 名詞	/bɪˈliːf/	確信
convince 動詞	/kənˈvɪns/	説得する, 納得させる
scientist 名詞	/ˈsaɪəntəst/	科学者
expose 動詞	/ɪkˈspoʊz/	晒す, 暴く
vaccine 名詞	/vækˈsin/	ワクチン, 痘苗
autism 名詞	/ˈɔːtɪzəm/	自閉症
motive 名詞	/ˈmoʊtɪv/	動機
ignore 動詞	/ɪɡˈnɔː/	無視する, 忽略する
explanation 名詞	/ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/	説明
muscle 名詞	/ˈmʌs.əl/	筋肉, 筋
strategic 形容詞	/stɹəˈti.dʒɪk/	戦略的な
skill 名詞	/skɪl/	腕, 技
agriculture 名詞	/ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/	農業, 農耕
impression 名詞	/ɪmˈpɹɛʃn̩/	印象
cooperation 名詞	/koʊˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/	協力, 協調

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	意味
check out 動詞	試験する, 検査する
turn down 動詞	断る

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	were told · were unchanged · are now predicted
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	People who didn · those who believed · children who get
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have been done · you've ever wanted

注意したい発音

話し手はdon't, wouldn't, you'reなど、短縮形や弱形を19回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「sh」と「zh」の音: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, impression /ɪmˈpɹɛʃn̩/, cooperation /koʊˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, rationalize /ˈɹæʃənəlaɪz/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: successfully /səkˈsɛs.fə.li/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, cooperation /koʊˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, intensity /ɪnˈtɛnsɪti/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: strongly /ˈstɹɔŋli/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, rely /ɹɪˈlaɪ/, relate /ɹɪˈleɪt/, neural /ˈnʊɹəl/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: convince /kənˈvɪns/, cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/, vaccine /vækˈsin/, motive /ˈmoʊtɪv/, overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: belief /bɪˈliːf/, successfully /səkˈsɛs.fə.li/, filter /ˈfɪltɚ/, flex /flɛks/, conform /kənˈfɔɹm/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。belief, convince, scientistなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: How Can You Change Somebody's Opinion? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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