跟读练习: How Can You Change Somebody's Opinion? - 通过视频学习英语口语

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Do you ever get into an argument where you know you're right

and yet even with your eloquent explanations and all of the facts on your side, you just can't get through?

Is there a strategic way to successfully convince somebody and change their opinion?

The first and most disappointing thing that you have to come to terms with is this.

Facts don't convince people, especially if they already have an opinion.

We all like to think that information or indisputable studies would convince us in an argument,

but study after study shows that when certain facts don't conform to our beliefs, our brains are happy to disregard or simply rationalize them away.

In one study, scientists asked people if they believed in man -made climate change

and then categorized them as either believers or deniers.

They then told some that scientists had re -evaluated the data

and concluded that predictions for the future were much worse than before, while some others were told the situation wasn't nearly as bad as once thought.

But these facts had an interesting result on their beliefs.

People who didn't believe in climate change and were told

that things were going to be much worse completely ignored this fact and their opinions were unchanged.

But if they were told that things weren't nearly as bad, their beliefs moved much farther in that direction.

And the same thing happened to those who believed strongly in climate change.

When told that things are now predicted to be worse, they shifted their opinions more strongly in that direction,

whereas those told it wouldn't be so bad didn't change their opinions at all.

The facts only caused people to polarize.

It turns out that once formed, people's impressions and opinions are extremely perseverant,

and cognitive scientists say much of this is actually linked to our ability as humans to cooperate,

a skill that no other animal has to the degree that humans do.

From hunting and gathering to agriculture and modern computers, our cooperation allows us to rely on one another's expertise instead of knowing everything.

As a result, we can hardly tell where our own understanding ends and another begins.

Ultimately, strong beliefs don't actually come from deep understanding.

This is known as the illusion of explanatory depth.

If I asked you to rate your understanding of something like a toilet,

zippers, or computers, chances are you believe you know way more than you actually do.

Go on and try to explain, step by step, how a toilet or a zipper functions in detail.

Sometimes this simple act can expose how baseless ours or another's opinion is.

In one study when participants were asked to rate their opinions of public policies like healthcare, and then later asked to explain,

in as much detail as possible, the impact of implementing those policies, they would quickly turn down the intensity of their beliefs,

having been exposed to their own ignorance.

How else can we overcome these tendencies and convince people in an argument?

It turns out that we need to focus on the common motive, as put by Tylee Sherat, a cognitive neuroscientist.

That is, focus on the motives and things you can agree on.

One study looking at parents afraid to vaccinate their children because of the fear of autism, found that if they simply told them the facts,

that the science shows there's no link between the two, they wouldn't listen.

But when they focused on the common goal of protecting the children, and explained what vaccines are meant to prevent things like measles,

mumps, polio, tetanus, and how those diseases impact children who get them, without even mentioning autism, they were more likely to have their kids vaccinated after.

Finally, humans are known to have something called an in -group and out -group bias.

We tend to be skeptical of outsiders, or people who we see as different from us.

This can come in the form of race, religion, physical traits, gender, but also in the form of ideas.

So people who don't share your ideas are part of your out -group.

Studies have been done to show that

if you can find a way to relate to people and have them see you in a different light,

to see you as part of their in -group, they're much more likely to listen to you than if they think you are nothing like them.

Find a group that you're both part of and use that as a point of personal connection.

Now, if you've ever wanted to challenge your own opinions or become more aware of those opinions contrary to your own,

then you should definitely check out

Bubble, a really awesome new company that I love, which uses machine learning to send you stuff you'll like,

but with a twist of also sending stuff that will nudge you outside of your filter bubble.

It's a cool tool that first analyzes you and your interests through questions,

pictures, and videos, and then helps you flex your mental muscles with some stuff that wouldn't normally be in your feed.

It's a really nice way to expose yourself to a broader view of the world online, And it's completely free.

You can check out the chatbot on Facebook by clicking the link below

and then clicking the get started button to launch the chatbot.

Help mind your feed and feed your mind.

And subscribe for more weekly science videos every Thursday.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节口语课以视频“How Can You Change Somebody's Opinion?”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：opinion, study, beliefs, scientist, convince。这段视频共有 6 个句子、913 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 4:37。说话人语速较快，每分钟约 198 个词，会出现较多连读和弱读。 85% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
belief 名词	/bɪˈliːf/	相信, 信心
convince 动词	/kənˈvɪns/	說服 /说服
scientist 名词	/ˈsaɪəntəst/	科學家 /科学家
expose 动词	/ɪkˈspoʊz/	揭露, 暴露
cognitive 形容词	/ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/	認知的 /认知的
vaccine 名词	/vækˈsin/	疫苗
autism 名词	/ˈɔːtɪzəm/	自閉症 /自闭症, 孤獨症 /孤独症
motive 名词	/ˈmoʊtɪv/	動機 /动机
ignore 动词	/ɪɡˈnɔː/	無視 /无视, 忽略
explanation 名词	/ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/	解釋 /解释, 說明 /说明
muscle 名词	/ˈmʌs.əl/	肌肉, 筋肉
strategic 形容词	/stɹəˈti.dʒɪk/	戰略的 /战略的
skill 名词	/skɪl/	技巧, 技能
agriculture 名词	/ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/	農業 /农业, 農事 /农事
impression 名词	/ɪmˈpɹɛʃn̩/	印記 /印记

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	发音	释义
check out 动词		退房
turn out 动词		原來 /原来
get through 动词	/ɡɛt ˈθɹu/	度過 /度过
turn down 动词		拒絕 /拒绝, 回絕 /回绝

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	were told · were unchanged · are now predicted
定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物	People who didn · those who believed · children who get
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	have been done · you've ever wanted

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 19 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 don't, wouldn't, you're。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, impression /ɪmˈpɹɛʃn̩/, cooperation /koʊˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, rationalize /ˈɹæʃənəlaɪz/
长单词——注意重音位置: successfully /səkˈsɛs.fə.li/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, cooperation /koʊˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, intensity /ɪnˈtɛnsɪti/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: convince /kənˈvɪns/, cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/, vaccine /vækˈsin/, motive /ˈmoʊtɪv/, overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: belief /bɪˈliːf/, convince /kənˈvɪns/, scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, expose /ɪkˈspoʊz/, toilet /ˈtɔɪ.lət/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: strongly /ˈstɹɔŋli/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, rely /ɹɪˈlaɪ/, relate /ɹɪˈleɪt/, neural /ˈnʊɹəl/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 belief, convince, scientist 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: How Can You Change Somebody's Opinion? - 通过视频学习英语口语

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