Prática de Shadowing: How Can You Change Somebody's Opinion? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Do you ever get into an argument where you know you're right
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and yet even with your eloquent explanations and all of the facts on your side, you just can't get through?
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Is there a strategic way to successfully convince somebody and change their opinion?
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The first and most disappointing thing that you have to come to terms with is this.
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Facts don't convince people, especially if they already have an opinion.
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We all like to think that information or indisputable studies would convince us in an argument,
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but study after study shows that when certain facts don't conform to our beliefs, our brains are happy to disregard or simply rationalize them away.
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In one study, scientists asked people if they believed in man -made climate change
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and then categorized them as either believers or deniers.
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They then told some that scientists had re -evaluated the data
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and concluded that predictions for the future were much worse than before, while some others were told the situation wasn't nearly as bad as once thought.
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But these facts had an interesting result on their beliefs.
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People who didn't believe in climate change and were told
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that things were going to be much worse completely ignored this fact and their opinions were unchanged.
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But if they were told that things weren't nearly as bad, their beliefs moved much farther in that direction.
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And the same thing happened to those who believed strongly in climate change.
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When told that things are now predicted to be worse, they shifted their opinions more strongly in that direction,
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whereas those told it wouldn't be so bad didn't change their opinions at all.
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The facts only caused people to polarize.
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It turns out that once formed, people's impressions and opinions are extremely perseverant,
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and cognitive scientists say much of this is actually linked to our ability as humans to cooperate,
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a skill that no other animal has to the degree that humans do.
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From hunting and gathering to agriculture and modern computers, our cooperation allows us to rely on one another's expertise instead of knowing everything.
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As a result, we can hardly tell where our own understanding ends and another begins.
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Ultimately, strong beliefs don't actually come from deep understanding.
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This is known as the illusion of explanatory depth.
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If I asked you to rate your understanding of something like a toilet,
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zippers, or computers, chances are you believe you know way more than you actually do.
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Go on and try to explain, step by step, how a toilet or a zipper functions in detail.
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Sometimes this simple act can expose how baseless ours or another's opinion is.
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In one study when participants were asked to rate their opinions of public policies like healthcare, and then later asked to explain,
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in as much detail as possible, the impact of implementing those policies, they would quickly turn down the intensity of their beliefs,
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having been exposed to their own ignorance.
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How else can we overcome these tendencies and convince people in an argument?
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It turns out that we need to focus on the common motive, as put by Tylee Sherat, a cognitive neuroscientist.
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That is, focus on the motives and things you can agree on.
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One study looking at parents afraid to vaccinate their children because of the fear of autism, found that if they simply told them the facts,
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that the science shows there's no link between the two, they wouldn't listen.
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But when they focused on the common goal of protecting the children, and explained what vaccines are meant to prevent things like measles,
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mumps, polio, tetanus, and how those diseases impact children who get them, without even mentioning autism, they were more likely to have their kids vaccinated after.
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Finally, humans are known to have something called an in -group and out -group bias.
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We tend to be skeptical of outsiders, or people who we see as different from us.
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This can come in the form of race, religion, physical traits, gender, but also in the form of ideas.
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So people who don't share your ideas are part of your out -group.
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Studies have been done to show that
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if you can find a way to relate to people and have them see you in a different light,
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to see you as part of their in -group, they're much more likely to listen to you than if they think you are nothing like them.
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Find a group that you're both part of and use that as a point of personal connection.
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Now, if you've ever wanted to challenge your own opinions or become more aware of those opinions contrary to your own,
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then you should definitely check out
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Bubble, a really awesome new company that I love, which uses machine learning to send you stuff you'll like,
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but with a twist of also sending stuff that will nudge you outside of your filter bubble.
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It's a cool tool that first analyzes you and your interests through questions,
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pictures, and videos, and then helps you flex your mental muscles with some stuff that wouldn't normally be in your feed.
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It's a really nice way to expose yourself to a broader view of the world online, And it's completely free.
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You can check out the chatbot on Facebook by clicking the link below
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and then clicking the get started button to launch the chatbot.
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Help mind your feed and feed your mind.
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And subscribe for more weekly science videos every Thursday.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “How Can You Change Somebody's Opinion?”. As palavras que mais se repetem: opinion, study, beliefs, scientist, convince. Este vídeo tem 6 frases e 913 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:37. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 198 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. 85% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| belief substantivo | /bɪˈliːf/ | crença |
| convince verbo | /kənˈvɪns/ | convencer |
| scientist substantivo | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | cientista |
| expose verbo | /ɪkˈspoʊz/ | expor, revelar |
| cognitive adjetivo | /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/ | cognitivo |
| vaccine substantivo | /vækˈsin/ | vacina |
| autism substantivo | /ˈɔːtɪzəm/ | autismo |
| motive substantivo | /ˈmoʊtɪv/ | motivo |
| ignore verbo | /ɪɡˈnɔː/ | ignorar |
| successfully advérbio | /səkˈsɛs.fə.li/ | com sucesso |
| explanation substantivo | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | explicação, explanação |
| muscle substantivo | /ˈmʌs.əl/ | músculo |
| strategic adjetivo | /stɹəˈti.dʒɪk/ | estratégico |
| skill substantivo | /skɪl/ | habilidade, talento |
| agriculture substantivo | /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/ | agricultura |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| check out verbo | verificar, sacar só |
| turn out verbo | terminar |
| turn down verbo | recusar, rejeitar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | were told · were unchanged · are now predicted |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | People who didn · those who believed · children who get |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have been done · you've ever wanted |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 19 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, wouldn't, you're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, impression /ɪmˈpɹɛʃn̩/, cooperation /koʊˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, rationalize /ˈɹæʃənəlaɪz/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: successfully /səkˈsɛs.fə.li/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, cooperation /koʊˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, intensity /ɪnˈtɛnsɪti/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, toilet /ˈtɔɪ.lət/, strategic /stɹəˈti.dʒɪk/, relate /ɹɪˈleɪt/, twist /twɪst/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: muscle /ˈmʌs.əl/, skill /skɪl/, bubble /ˈbʌbəl/, neural /ˈnʊɹəl/, indisputable /ˌɪn.dɪˈspju.tə.bəɫ/
- s + consoante no início — sem um “i” antes: strongly /ˈstɹɔŋli/, strategic /stɹəˈti.dʒɪk/, skill /skɪl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como belief, convince, scientist.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.