Prática de Shadowing: Why you should "steel man" other people - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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A straw man is when you simplify or exaggerate somebody's position to make it an easier target.
Um espantalho lógico ocorre quando você simplifica ou exagera a posição de alguém para torná-la um alvo mais fácil.
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It's a target that you can then bat down with adversarial ease.
É um alvo que você pode então derrubar com uma facilidade adversária.
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For example, if an atheist says that Christianity is just worshipping some bearded man in the sky, that is a straw man,
Por exemplo, se um ateu diz que o cristianismo é apenas adorar algum homem barbudo no céu, isso é um straw man,
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because I've yet to meet a Christian who would accept that as a representation of their religion.
porque ainda não conheci nenhum cristão que aceitaria isso como uma representação da sua religião.
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Of course, if a Christian then says
Claro que, se um cristão então disser
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that an atheist is somebody who does not believe in anything at all
que um ateu é alguém que não acredita em absolutamente nada
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or that life has no meaning or that we can just do anything that is also quite likely a straw man.
ou que a vida não tem sentido, ou que podemos simplesmente fazer qualquer coisa — isso também é muito provavelmente um argumento de espantalho.
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The problem with a straw man argument is
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that not only does it not address somebody's actual points but it poisons the entire debate.
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It's a kind of bad faith argument that sees conversations as a brawl
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and that truth is just one weapon in the arsenal in a war to win at all costs.
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But there is a better way.
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The opposite of a straw man is a steel man.
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This is where you not only try to represent somebody's position as faithfully as you can and with respect, but you do so in the best possible light.
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You spend a great deal of attention double-checking that what you think somebody's position is, is what that person is actually trying to argue.
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A great example of this in action, I think, is Alex O'Connor.
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I've yet to see a video of his where he willfully
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misrepresent an argument just to make it an easier position to attack.
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In fact, he'll often spend a great deal of time trying to reach a mutual understanding of the position
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and only then will he criticise it and only then will he do so politely.
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In my experience, if you take the time to actually inquire about what somebody actually believes, you'll find a far greater nuance and often far greater agreement than you might have thought at the start.
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For example, only the most dastardly and venal of politicians are actually doing it for themselves.
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I think that most politicians want to make society and the world at least a bit better.
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It's just that the right and the left-wing arguments about how to do that will differ.
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It's long been pointed out that calling your political opponents the enemy
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or evil or idiotic without saying what that means is not only childish, but it's bad for philosophy, it's bad for democracy, and it's bad for politics.
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In his 2013 book, Intuition, Pumps, and Other Tools, the philosopher Daniel Dennett laid out four rules, one of which sounds remarkably like a steel man.
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These are rules for a good debate, and this is what they are.
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First and most important is that you should attempt to express your target's position so clearly, vividly, and fairly that your target says things like,
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well, I wish I had put it like that as well.
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For example, if somebody says to you that social media is inherently evil, you can say to them, well, do you mean that there is some content that is addictive
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and dangerous and that young people especially shouldn't be expected to resist that addiction as much as adults?
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Second, you should list all of the ways that you and your opponent agree on things.
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You might say that, yes, okay, we both agree that there are aspects of social media that are dangerous, that we should have greater regulation and that the conversation should focus mostly on young people.
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Third, you might recognize the ways in which your partner has taught you something new.
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For example, you might say, oh, I didn't know that people today are on average on social media two hours a day.
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Fourth and finally, only then after all of this can you go on to then try and criticize or reject that position.
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You might say, I don't actually think that we should ban all social media.
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In Plato's dialogues, you'll often see Socrates lining up his opponents with a steel man argument.
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A huge part of the dialogue involves Socrates clarifying, laying out and even strengthening the other person's position.
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For example, in the Gorgias, Socrates pauses and reframes Callicles' position about strength and domination, often making it sound more coherent than Callicles himself.
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In Republic, when his opponent argues that justice is nothing more than the interests of the strongest, Socrates doesn't caricature it or simplify the idea.
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Instead, he builds it up into the best version of itself, before then showing why it might be wrong.
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Debates today are often about trying to grab the six o'clock headlines or ride the viral wave with an entertaining gotcha moment.
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But the Socratic method was about understanding fully before disagreeing deeply because that's the spirit of the steel man.
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Of course, Plato's dialogues are not podcast transcripts.
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They are fictionalised accounts of Plato's version of Socrates debating Plato's version of his opponents.
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But the fact that Plato was so willing to present rival opinions in such a strong and positive light, before then pulling them apart,
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reveals just how far we have drifted in what we call a good discussion.
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And in fact, this is why Plato was so suspicious about debates.
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He called debates stupid and dangerous.
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Because according to Plato, debates are very rarely about truth or philosophy.
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They are about ego and pride and winning at all costs.
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Plato often criticises the sophists who, amongst other things, were professional debaters and they would teach other members of the public how they could win at debates.
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They taught people certain tricks and tactics to speak well, how to argue well and how to make the opponent look a bit silly.
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Plato hated these kind of debates
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because it reduced philosophy to a competition where both parties would try to outwit
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and outspeak each other in a kind of game.
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The Greeks called it heuristic and the heuristic debater would appeal to the audience.
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They would mock their opponents.
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They would resort to any fallacious argument they could so long as it meant they could win.
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Plato thought that these debates were not just some harmless fun
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because the big problem with heuristic is that those who are watching the debate confuse the winner with the truth.
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But just because somebody has won a debate through wit and professional tactics doesn't necessarily mean that they are right.
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For Plato, truth and philosophy is a much longer collaborative and dialectic process.
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In many ways, the problem of strawmanning and ridiculing invented beliefs will not go away.
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Point scoring and cheering to the crowd were present in ancient Greece
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and they are here in modern primetime TV debates as well.
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But the steel man is something
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that we can try to bring back into everyday conversations with the people we interact with weekly.
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Because what Plato and Dennett both knew is that if you are to actually grow in your beliefs, you have to see debate as a constructive act and with good intentions.
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Debates are not adversarial opportunities to make your opponent look like an idiot.
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They are opportunities to become better and to grow.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Este vídeo tem 73 frases e 1211 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 6:27. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 188 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. 82% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| straw substantivo | /stɹɔ/ | palha |
| argue verbo | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | discutir, argumentar |
| dialogue substantivo | /ˈdaɪəˌlɑɡ/ | diálogo, conversa |
| belief substantivo | /bɪˈliːf/ | crença |
| tactics substantivo | /ˈtæktɪks/ | táticas |
| politician substantivo | /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/ | político, política |
| criticize verbo | /ˈkɹɪtɪsaɪz/ | criticar, culpar |
| atheist substantivo | /ˈeɪ.θi.ɪst/ | ateu, ateia |
| necessarily advérbio | /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/ | necessariamente |
| trick substantivo | /ˈtɹɪk/ | artimanha, truque |
| everyday adjetivo | /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/ | cotidiano |
| deeply advérbio | /ˈdi(ː)pli/ | profundamente |
| reveal verbo | /ɹɪˈviːl/ | revelar |
| rarely advérbio | /ˈɹɛəɹli/ | raramente |
| aspect substantivo | /ˈæspɛkt/ | aspeto, aspecto |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| go away verbo | sair, partir |
| point out verbo | apontar |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 10 contrações e formas reduzidas, como doesn't, I've, you'll. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: atheist /ˈeɪ.θi.ɪst/, strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/, faithfully /ˈfeɪθfəli/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, representation /ˌɹɛp.ɹə.zɛnˈteɪ.ʃən/, worship /ˈwɝ.ʃɪp/, addiction /əˈdɪkˌʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, representation /ˌɹɛp.ɹə.zɛnˈteɪ.ʃən/, collaborative /kəˈlæb.ə.ɹə.tɪv/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como straw, argue, dialogue.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | has taught · have drifted · has won |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | been pointed · be expected · are fictionalised |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | somebody who does · those who are |
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.