跟讀練習: How Can You Change Somebody's Opinion? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Do you ever get into an argument where you know you're right

and yet even with your eloquent explanations and all of the facts on your side, you just can't get through?

Is there a strategic way to successfully convince somebody and change their opinion?

The first and most disappointing thing that you have to come to terms with is this.

Facts don't convince people, especially if they already have an opinion.

We all like to think that information or indisputable studies would convince us in an argument,

but study after study shows that when certain facts don't conform to our beliefs, our brains are happy to disregard or simply rationalize them away.

In one study, scientists asked people if they believed in man -made climate change

and then categorized them as either believers or deniers.

They then told some that scientists had re -evaluated the data

and concluded that predictions for the future were much worse than before, while some others were told the situation wasn't nearly as bad as once thought.

But these facts had an interesting result on their beliefs.

People who didn't believe in climate change and were told

that things were going to be much worse completely ignored this fact and their opinions were unchanged.

But if they were told that things weren't nearly as bad, their beliefs moved much farther in that direction.

And the same thing happened to those who believed strongly in climate change.

When told that things are now predicted to be worse, they shifted their opinions more strongly in that direction,

whereas those told it wouldn't be so bad didn't change their opinions at all.

The facts only caused people to polarize.

It turns out that once formed, people's impressions and opinions are extremely perseverant,

and cognitive scientists say much of this is actually linked to our ability as humans to cooperate,

a skill that no other animal has to the degree that humans do.

From hunting and gathering to agriculture and modern computers, our cooperation allows us to rely on one another's expertise instead of knowing everything.

As a result, we can hardly tell where our own understanding ends and another begins.

Ultimately, strong beliefs don't actually come from deep understanding.

This is known as the illusion of explanatory depth.

If I asked you to rate your understanding of something like a toilet,

zippers, or computers, chances are you believe you know way more than you actually do.

Go on and try to explain, step by step, how a toilet or a zipper functions in detail.

Sometimes this simple act can expose how baseless ours or another's opinion is.

In one study when participants were asked to rate their opinions of public policies like healthcare, and then later asked to explain,

in as much detail as possible, the impact of implementing those policies, they would quickly turn down the intensity of their beliefs,

having been exposed to their own ignorance.

How else can we overcome these tendencies and convince people in an argument?

It turns out that we need to focus on the common motive, as put by Tylee Sherat, a cognitive neuroscientist.

That is, focus on the motives and things you can agree on.

One study looking at parents afraid to vaccinate their children because of the fear of autism, found that if they simply told them the facts,

that the science shows there's no link between the two, they wouldn't listen.

But when they focused on the common goal of protecting the children, and explained what vaccines are meant to prevent things like measles,

mumps, polio, tetanus, and how those diseases impact children who get them, without even mentioning autism, they were more likely to have their kids vaccinated after.

Finally, humans are known to have something called an in -group and out -group bias.

We tend to be skeptical of outsiders, or people who we see as different from us.

This can come in the form of race, religion, physical traits, gender, but also in the form of ideas.

So people who don't share your ideas are part of your out -group.

Studies have been done to show that

if you can find a way to relate to people and have them see you in a different light,

to see you as part of their in -group, they're much more likely to listen to you than if they think you are nothing like them.

Find a group that you're both part of and use that as a point of personal connection.

Now, if you've ever wanted to challenge your own opinions or become more aware of those opinions contrary to your own,

then you should definitely check out

Bubble, a really awesome new company that I love, which uses machine learning to send you stuff you'll like,

but with a twist of also sending stuff that will nudge you outside of your filter bubble.

It's a cool tool that first analyzes you and your interests through questions,

pictures, and videos, and then helps you flex your mental muscles with some stuff that wouldn't normally be in your feed.

It's a really nice way to expose yourself to a broader view of the world online, And it's completely free.

You can check out the chatbot on Facebook by clicking the link below

and then clicking the get started button to launch the chatbot.

Help mind your feed and feed your mind.

And subscribe for more weekly science videos every Thursday.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節口語課以影片“How Can You Change Somebody's Opinion?”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：opinion, study, beliefs, scientist, convince。這段影片共有 6 個句子、913 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 4:37。說話人語速較快，每分鐘約 198 個詞，會出現較多連讀和弱讀。 85% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
belief 名詞	/bɪˈliːf/	相信, 信心
convince 動詞	/kənˈvɪns/	說服 /說服
scientist 名詞	/ˈsaɪəntəst/	科學家 /科學家
expose 動詞	/ɪkˈspoʊz/	揭露, 暴露
cognitive 形容詞	/ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/	認知的 /認知的
vaccine 名詞	/vækˈsin/	疫苗
autism 名詞	/ˈɔːtɪzəm/	自閉症 /自閉症, 自閉症 /自閉症
motive 名詞	/ˈmoʊtɪv/	動機 /動機
ignore 動詞	/ɪɡˈnɔː/	無視 /無視, 忽略
explanation 名詞	/ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/	解釋 /解釋, 說明 /說明
muscle 名詞	/ˈmʌs.əl/	肌肉, 筋肉
strategic 形容詞	/stɹəˈti.dʒɪk/	戰略的 /戰略的
skill 名詞	/skɪl/	技巧, 技能
agriculture 名詞	/ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/	農業 /農業, 農事 /農事
impression 名詞	/ɪmˈpɹɛʃn̩/	印記 /印記

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	發音	釋義
check out 動詞		退房
turn out 動詞		原來 /原來
get through 動詞	/ɡɛt ˈθɹu/	度過 /度過
turn down 動詞		拒絕 /拒絕, 回絕 /回絕

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	were told · were unchanged · are now predicted
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	People who didn · those who believed · children who get
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	have been done · you've ever wanted

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 19 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 don't, wouldn't, you're。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, impression /ɪmˈpɹɛʃn̩/, cooperation /koʊˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, rationalize /ˈɹæʃənəlaɪz/
長單詞——注意重音位置: successfully /səkˈsɛs.fə.li/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, cooperation /koʊˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, intensity /ɪnˈtɛnsɪti/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: convince /kənˈvɪns/, cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/, vaccine /vækˈsin/, motive /ˈmoʊtɪv/, overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: belief /bɪˈliːf/, convince /kənˈvɪns/, scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, expose /ɪkˈspoʊz/, toilet /ˈtɔɪ.lət/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: strongly /ˈstɹɔŋli/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, rely /ɹɪˈlaɪ/, relate /ɹɪˈleɪt/, neural /ˈnʊɹəl/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 belief, convince, scientist 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: How Can You Change Somebody's Opinion? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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