Pratica di Shadowing: RE2 Unit 11A - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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38 frasi
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Track 21.
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Reading 11a.
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The Knowledge Illusion.
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A bat and a ball cost $1 .10 in total.
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The bat costs $1 more than the ball.
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How much does the ball cost?
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If you answer $0 .10, you're not alone.
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Most people give the same answer.
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The correct answer is $0 .05.
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It's an example of how we often rely on intuitive responses, answers we feel are true.
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People give answers that pop into their mind, says cognitive scientist Stephen Sloman.
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We don't spend much time reflecting and checking whether the answer is right or wrong.
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The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news.
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It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman, but the trick with fake news is to know to verify,
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in other words, to stop and question what you know.
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In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain.
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They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was.
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They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain.
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Most volunteers rated themselves one out of seven, meaning they did not understand the concept.
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The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery.
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This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works.
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When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of two.
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The scientists' confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding, Sloman says.
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According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion.
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This idea can be seen in many fields, including politics.
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If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is crooked, Sloman says, then you're going to start thinking that you understand too.
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Another explanation for the spread of fake news is motivated reasoning, writes Adam Waits, a management professor at the Kellogg School.
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We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions.
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If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you're more likely to trust damaging stories about them.
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Over time, Waits argues, motivated reasoning can lead to a false social consensus.
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So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves?
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I don't think it's possible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter, Sloman admits.
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It is just too human to believe what you're told.
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However, training people to care about fact -checking is important, he argues, especially in online communities.
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Think of the headlines and stories that are shared on your social media feed every day.
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Probably these fit in with your own worldview, but perhaps not all of them are true.
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Develop a norm in your community that says we should check things and not just take them at face value, Sloman says.
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Verify before you believe.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “RE2 Unit 11A”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: Sloman, answer, volunteers, ball, verify. Questo video contiene 38 frasi e 470 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 3:27. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 136 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Il 83% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| volunteer sostantivo | /ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/ | volontario, volontaria |
| scientist sostantivo | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | scienziato, scienziata |
| argue verbo | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | discutere, dibattere |
| discovery sostantivo | /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/ | scoperta, scoprimento |
| motivate verbo | /ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/ | motivare |
| naturally avverbio | /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ | naturalmente |
| trick sostantivo | /ˈtɹɪk/ | inbroglio |
| explanation sostantivo | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | spiegazione, esplicazione |
| confirm verbo | /kənˈfɝm/ | cresimare |
| reflect verbo | /ɹɪˈflɛkt/ | riflettere |
| experiment sostantivo | /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ | esperimento |
| rely verbo | /ɹɪˈlaɪ/ | fare affidamento, basarsi |
| rat sostantivo | /ɹæt/ | topo, sorcio |
| politician sostantivo | /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/ | politico, politica |
| cognitive aggettivo | /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/ | cognitivo |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 6 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come you're, don't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/, intuitive /ɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: headline /ˈhɛd.laɪn/, helium /ˈhiː.li.əm/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, motivate /ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/, trick /ˈtɹɪk/, reflect /ɹɪˈflɛkt/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, rat /ɹæt/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come volunteer, scientist, argue.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.