Pratica di Shadowing: Game Theory #3: Rich Dad, Poor Dad - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Today we look at the question of success.
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Okay, the question is who succeeds and why?
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Okay, so we've done a lot of research and we've discovered that people who succeed succeed for certain reasons.
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So there is a Columbia psychologist named Walter Mischel and he devised a very famous experiment called the marshmallow test.
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In the marshmallow test it's very very easy okay
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so imagine a room and I invite a four -year -old
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or five -year -old to come into this room
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and have a conversation with him
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or her I asked him how's your mother what do you like to do
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and it's a very good conversation then suddenly I get up and say I'm really sorry but I need to go
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across the hallway for another meeting but I'll be back okay
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so just wait for me
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and here I'll make you a deal here's a marshmallow I'm gonna put a marshmallow in front of you
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and you can have it right now if I come back
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and the marshmallow is still there I will give you two marshmallows okay
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and and then Walter Mitchell he goes away
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and he goes behind the room
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and for a see -through mirror he's able to see the students as they struggle to contain themselves
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because obviously they want two marshmallows and there are some students who can, in fact, resist the temptation to eat the first marshmallow and they get a second marshmallow,
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but then there are others who cannot.
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And Walter Mitchell will spend 50 years just tracking them, okay?
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And what he discovers is this.
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The students who resist the temptation, who get the second marshmallow, they are much more likely to do better in school.
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They have higher test scores.
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They have better careers.
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Their careers are more stable.
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They get promoted their careers they're much more able to find
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a stable relationship they avoid jail they avoid drugs they avoid
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alcohol they're more lean they're more fit they live longer better teeth
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and those who cannot resist
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and eat the first marshmallow right away they have the opposite effect okay And so the idea is that for Walter Mischel,
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success means delayed gratification.
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And all this means is that people who succeed are capable of long -term planning.
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To succeed today, I will make sacrifices necessary.
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So, if my friends are playing outside and I need to do my homework, well, I'm going to stay at home and do my homework.
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So, long -term planning, what he calls delayed gratification.
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Or, a much more simple way of saying this is the idea of self -control.
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Right?
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Or, the idea of emotional regulation.
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You're able to keep your emotions in check.
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If you're angry, you're able to calm yourself down.
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Okay, and so we've tried, we know about this, and that's why in school we focus on the idea of emotional regulation.
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Teaching you how to better control your emotions.
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How to do long -term planning.
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Okay?
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So that's one theory of success.
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Another fear of success comes to us from another psychologist named Carol Dwight.
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And she's at Stanford.
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And she wrote a book called Mindset.
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Okay?
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And what she tells us is that those who succeed in life have a growth mindset.
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and those who fell in life have a fixed mindset, okay, and it's not hard,
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okay, the idea is resilience.
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Those who have a growth mindset, if they fall or they fail, they see themselves, this opportunity for me to learn.
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So I'm going to think about what I did wrong,
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next time I'll do better and a fixed mindset are people who can accept the idea of failure who think that
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It's because they're not capable of improving and therefore they give up Okay So those who have a growth mindset
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If they fail, they try harder.
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Those who have a fixed mindset if they fail, they just give up and So they have resilience.
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Okay, pretty simple, right?
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And the third idea of success comes to us from Kay Anders Eriksson who is a Swedish psychologist,
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and she wants to know why certain people are able to succeed as musicians or athletes.
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And he creates the idea of deliberate practice.
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Okay, so what he found is that people who want to become athletes or musicians, They work really hard.
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They practice every day.
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The people who succeed practice strategically.
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Okay?
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So those who work hard just work a long time.
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But those who work strategically have a plan.
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The plan is this.
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What are my goals?
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How can I achieve these goals?
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and then how do I improve my plan okay
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so they're examining their own practices
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and they're trying to figure out where the weaknesses are where
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they can improve instead of plan on how to improve
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and then they follow this plan and
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if this plan helps them improve they stick to a plan
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but if the plan doesn't really work they change the plan as well okay
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so this is the idea of self reflection
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or self assessment constantly thinking about
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how you are as a student and figure out figure out how to improve your own learning strategies and what What K.
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Anders Ericsson discovered is that if you do this, you'll succeed at anything.
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And this is true.
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Okay?
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And the reason why we know it's true is there are two American psychologists named Dunning and Kruger.
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There's something called the Dunning -Kruger effect.
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And so what they did was this.
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They ran an experiment.
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There are 500 students in their psychology class, first year university.
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They made every student take an IQ test.
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And then after they took the IQ test, they asked each student, how do you think you did on the IQ test?
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Do you place in the top 5 % or the bottom 5 %?
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And it turns out that no one got the ranking correct.
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So those who were in the top 5 % in terms of IQ thought they were maybe in the top 20%.
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Because for them, it was easy, so they assumed everyone, for everyone else, it was easy as well.
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But what was dramatic is that those who scored the lowest thought they were average, okay?
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So the worst 5 % in the class thought they were in the top 50%, or just average.
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And the reason why is those people who are stupid lack the capacity to know they're stupid, okay?
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So what Dunning -Cougar discovered is that the hardest part of being a student is to assess yourself properly.
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To know exactly where you stand and how to improve.
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Those who are stupid are often the most confident in the world.
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That's what's called the Dunning -Cougar effect.
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And this helps explain why the world is why it is.
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Because often the people in power are stupid.
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They don't know they're stupid.
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They were confident and they do stupid things like Donald Trump.
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Okay?
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All right All right, so now with these three theories, right?
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We have self -control.
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We have resilience and we have self -assessment and which
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and then and so as educators at schools what we can do is devise strategies and
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Curriculum top students all succeed correct, right?
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the problem is that when we actually try this it doesn't work okay
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if you do a bad student and you teach him self -control resilience
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and self -assessment the student doesn't actually get better the reason why is okay
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and this is a very important idea for you guys to remember is that
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correlation does not equal causation okay you guys you guys need
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to remember this this means things are correlated does not mean they cost each other
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so I'll give you an example we know
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that successful people they get up early in the morning okay they get about four o 'clock in the morning
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but just because you get up at four o 'clock in the morning does not mean you'll succeed.
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Okay?
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Just because you work hard, just because you're resilient, just because you have growth mindset does not mean you'll succeed.
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But if you're successful, you'll get up early in the morning because you are more motivated.
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If you are successful in life, you will have more self -control.
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You will have more resilience you will be more humble okay does
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that make sense so if you're rich guess what happens you become successful
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and therefore you will have growth mindset self -control deliberate practice it doesn't make sense
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but just because you have growth mindset deliberate practice
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and resilience does not mean you succeed okay
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so the question for us is why does this happen
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and ultimately who succeeds okay so we know for a fact
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that rich people are much more likely likely to succeed than poor people
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and in fact we know from macro academic studies is
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that school doesn't really matter doesn't matter how well you know
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do in school your parents are rich you'll be successful in life
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if your parents are poor you will not be successful in life okay
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so what's the difference okay so now let's look at parenting strategies between rich
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and poor okay so there are lots of differences
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but let's focus on three major differences the first major difference is
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that rich parents speak to their kids more
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than poor parents okay high vocabulary low vocabulary
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when rich parents speak to the kids which parents will use high vocabulary longer sentences.
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Poor parents will just be no, yes, go away.
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Okay, another major difference is in attitude.
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Okay, so rich parents use a friendly attitude and poor Your parents use an authoritarian or command attitude.
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So for example, if you are a rich kid, and you go and touch a stove,
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okay, and you burn your hand, the rich parent will say, listen, you made a mistake, don't worry about it.
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Let me explain to you why touching a fire is bad for you
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because you'll burn yourself and you might have to go to a doctor
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and we will feel pain if you hurt yourself, okay?
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So the rich parent will spend a lot of time explaining to the child why this is wrong
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and how not to do it again.
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The poor parent is like, don't you ever do that again or I'll beat the crap out of you, okay?
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Don't do that.
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Pretty simple, okay?
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But as you can understand,
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the rich kid will understand that the world is safe and that he is respected in this world, okay?
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Whereas the poor child will think that the world is scary and he or she must be afraid of adults.
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And this carries on into school, right?
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Because as a rich kid, you go to school and you think that, oh, my teacher is my friend.
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So you smile at the teacher, and you hug the teacher, and the teacher smiles back, and now you're friends, right?
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But if you're a poor kid, and you see the teacher, you're afraid to look at the teacher.
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You don't smile.
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You are stressed, okay?
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And the teacher thinks that you might be a problem child.
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So the problem with this is that, yes, being a third -in -term parent, it is effective, but it creates stress in the family.
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Okay, it makes the child feel unsafe and this leads to our the third major difference between rich parents and poor parents
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Rich parents offer stability, okay?
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Poor parents can only offer volatility.
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This is a very simple idea.
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Rich parents have money so they can afford to keep promises.
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So, I'm a rich parent, I say to my child, okay, next week we'll go to Thailand for vacation.
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Guess what?
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Next week you guys go to Thailand for vacation.
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But if you're a poor parent, money is always an issue.
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So it's hard for you to keep promises, right?
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So it's like next week we'll go to McDonald's for lunch, but your paycheck It's not enough.
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So you're like, sorry, we can't go anymore Okay,
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and now because of these different parenting styles we understand why Rich kids behave different from poor kids, right?
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So let's look at the idea idea of self -control Right self -control What is the marshmallow test?
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Marshmallow test is not a test of self -control.
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It's a test of your trust in others, right?
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If you believe that the teacher who goes outside,
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if you believe that he or she comes back and will keep his or her promise, then you will not eat that marshmallow.
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But if you think that this teacher is lying to me, then you're not going to eat that marshmallow.
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Then you will eat that marshmallow, right?
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So it's not really about self -control.
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It's about your belief and trust in authority figures, right?
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So if you're rich, stability, you have stability.
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But if you're poor, you don't have stability.
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So you're actually better off eating that marshmallow rather than waiting for that second marshmallow.
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Because guess what?
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Most of the time, you will not get that second marshmallow.
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Do you understand?
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So it's not that poor kids are stupid poor kids are rational
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and they're responding to the circumstances that they live in Okay, and Resilience right?
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Well the idea of resilience is that You believe that the world will help you Right,
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so if you're rich and you believe that everyone helps you, you can be resilient.
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Because if you fail, someone will help you get up.
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If you're poor, if you fail, that probably tells you you shouldn't be doing this.
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Okay?
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You probably won't succeed doing this.
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So you don't have much confidence in others.
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Okay?
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And the idea of self -assessment, right?
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Looking inward.
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Well, if you're a poor child who lives under a lot of stress, it's hard for you to be self -reflective because if you look back at yourself,
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all you can think about is your pain and your stress.
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Okay?
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So, from these different parenting strategies, we can now explain why different students behave the way they do.
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This, of course, may lead you to think, okay, well then, rather than construct our schools around self -control,
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resilience, and self -reflection, we should construct our schools around better parenting skills, okay?
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Which means that, hey, let's construct schools where kids are exposed to a lot of vocabulary,
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where teachers are friendly, and where there's a lot of stability, okay?
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And we've tried this, and it's more effective, but it doesn't really work either.
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Why?
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Because the kids come in too late.
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A lot of their worldview is already established.
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Then you're like, okay, well, then let's change how parents behave.
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And when you do that, what you recognize is that, nope, you can't change how they behave either.
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So no matter what you do, you end up with massive differences between the poor and the rich.
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The rich stay rich and the poor stay poor.
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So now the question for us is, why is this the case?
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And it's the case because society is a hierarchy,
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and the hierarchy is usually divided between the rich and the poor.
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And these two worlds are night and day, they're very, very different.
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As a poor person, if you want to survive, you have to obey authority,
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but if you're a rich person, the way that you get along with others,
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the way that you maximize your outcome is by negotiating with others okay negotiating okay
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so negotiating can also mean debate right so who should be the boss well let's have a debate and
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present different evidence as to to figure out who's who should be the boss
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okay so negotiation means debate and argument
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so this helps us this helps us understand why different parents parent their child differently
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if you're a poor parent your responsibility is to make sure
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that your child knows how to obey authority okay that's why you command your child But if you are a rich parent,
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you want your child to be able to negotiate with authority.
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And that's why you respect your child and you teach your child how to debate, how to argue, how to negotiate with others.
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Okay?
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Because they live in different worlds.
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Another way of saying this is that from day one,
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rich kids know that they're playing a different game than, they're playing a different game from poor kids, okay?
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Okay?
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So, let's go back and look at parents.
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Okay?
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So, poor parents command their child.
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Don't really speak.
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Don't communicate. And don't keep promises.
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Okay?
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All right, so poor parents do these three things, and we know that if they do these three things, the outcome won't be so good, okay?
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And the reason why they do this is that they're not playing a game to improve their kid's outcome,
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they're playing a game to get along with other parents, okay?
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okay colleagues family okay authority okay so another thing this is this
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police boss okay family okay all right
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so as a parent you're trying to figure out how to negotiate with the police for your boss
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and with your family so if you're a poor person
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and the police knows you're a poor person the police is gonna bully you
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if you fight back the police will probably put you in jail
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okay so it's very important that you accept authority you don't charge authority
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because if you do you'll probably get into trouble your boss right
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if you're a poor person your your boss will just command you about
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and so it's very important
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that your child knows how to take orders rather than ask
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questions rather than debate your child must learn how to just follow orders
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or at least keep his mouth shut okay
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and then family is about maintaining good relations with those who can most support you,
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and that often means the same values.
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So if your family members or your friends, if they are parenting their child in this manner, you're also going to copy them, okay, imitation.
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All right, and for a poor person,
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this is the optimal strategy of how to parent Okay,
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doesn't make sense guys Because if you do it another way,
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okay If you are, if you choose to be a friend to your child If you choose to communicate,
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if you choose to keep your promises, then your friends and your family will think that you're doing something wrong.
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Do you understand?
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They won't think, oh my god, you're an enlightened parent who's read a lot of parenting books and great for you.
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They're going to think there's something wrong with you.
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Okay?
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So let me give you an example of this.
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Let me give you an example of this.
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So my wife and I have three kids, okay?
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My parenting style.
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So my wife and I have three kids.
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And this is how we parent our kid, okay?
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First of all, we have our child, we give our child a lot of freedom.
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So we don't have our kids do activities, okay?
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Okay, we don't have our kids do lots of activities.
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We don't send our kids to math class, we don't send our kids to swimming class, we don't send our kids to piano class, okay?
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We just let our kids run around and play.
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The other thing that we do is we communicate a lot with our child.
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We believe in democracy in our family.
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If there's if we're gonna make a decision together, we want everyone to communicate together Okay, um so
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Normal Chinese family will just have a very tight schedule right
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and the other thing that we do that's different is we tell stories the other Chinese families will do math,
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okay so So we raise our children in a way that's very different from normal Chinese families,
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from the way that you've been raised.
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And we do this because both my wife and I, we spend a lot of time talking about parenting.
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I've read a lot of books about parenting.
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I've spent many decades researching the best education possible.
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And so that's why we raise our children in this way.
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And guess what?
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Because we do this, we have no friends in China.
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We have family, but they all think we're crazy.
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Okay?
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But we do this because for us, what's most important is to make sure that our children are happy
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and healthy and that they have a chance to be creative and be successful in life.
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Because I think that if you do it this way, the child will not be creative, will not be successful successful.
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But if you do it this way, your child will fit into China better.
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So parenting, the goal, the incentive, is not for your child to succeed.
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The incentive is for your child to fit into China
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or the larger social environment that you are in okay
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and that's why it's very hard to change the way people behave
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and that's why social structures are extremely rigid
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because the game they're playing is often just to fit into their environment okay does
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that make sense guys okay any questions So for poor families,
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is there any way for the poor kids to succeed to be the rich parent you describe in the future?
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Okay, that's a really good question, okay?
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So we know that there are certain poor kids who do succeed.
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For example, I'm a poor kid who succeeded.
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My, um, we immigrated to Toronto, Canada, when I was like six years old, and my father was a dishwasher,
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so we were a very poor family, okay?
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And, but I succeeded because I left Canada for the United States.
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So Canada is a very rigid place, where poor people basically move up a bit, but not too far.
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But I was able to succeed because I was able to get a scholarship to go study in the United States Okay,
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so there are opportunities the problem though is that it means leaving your community Okay, does that make sense?
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So one way to succeed is to abandon your community Okay,
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but that's high risk So you have to be extremely individualistic.
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to take such a risk so that's why most most people don't do it
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because you think about it the safest option for you is to stay within your community
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that's what's gonna guarantee you the most the best outcome but
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if you choose to abandon your community and just say
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and just say you know what I'm gonna go somewhere else
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and try my luck that's taking a really high risk okay so you To succeed, you have to take high risk.
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So another possibility is war.
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That traditionally, historically, has been the best mechanism of social mobility.
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When you go fight a war and you do really well, you get promoted in life.
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Okay?
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But again, war is high risk, because chances are you'll get killed.
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okay so not just war but also revolution right okay
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and of course the best way of course is to marry up marrying up okay
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and that's why remember remember in our first class we talked
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about the dating game right where woman only want five
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and four okay the reason why is that five
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and four are high status and three two one are low status
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so if you're a woman you don't want to marry into a low -status family
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because your children will be screwed over okay your best option
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is to take a risk gamble into a high -status
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and marry you want you want trying to marry into a high status family okay
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so traditionally um war and marrying up are the two major mechanisms of social mobility in today's world um
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abandoning community can also lead to success okay basically immigrating to a place that offers more or social mobility,
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which often means the United States.
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Okay, but another way of saying this is, you have to get really lucky, guys.
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Okay, so there's lots of poor people who think that, you know, I succeeded because I worked hard and I'm really talented.
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Look, I was born poor, I lucked into Yale.
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Okay, it's luck.
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You can work as hard as you want, but the chances are against you.
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Okay, and it takes a certain personality, which is you're really individualistic.
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You're very ambitious and you have high risk tolerance Most people don't have that.
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Okay, so yes, there are certain people who despite their background they're able to succeed
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But that's often the exception to the rule as opposed to the rule itself.
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Okay, so so thank you Is this clear?
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Okay.
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Any more questions guys before I move on?
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Okay
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can be luck counted as a kind of ability
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or is just coincidence okay that's a really good question yeah okay yep
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so you're absolutely right okay so luck is a form of strategy okay strategy
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And all this is saying is
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that you are trying to position yourself in a place that allows you to get lucky, okay?
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So I left Canada and I went to the United States because I knew that in Canada, it doesn't matter how hard you work, no one cares.
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But in the United States, if you work really hard, then you might get lucky and you might meet someone who's like, wow, you're a really hard worker, I want to promote you, okay?
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So you're right in that, yes, you can strategize and increase your luck, but it's still luck.
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And those who succeed are able to think strategically and far ahead
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and position themselves in a way that allows them to get lucky.
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okay and they often have the characteristics that we talked about you know like so self -control
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resilience and the ability to look inward and better understand what you're good at okay
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so it takes a combination of factors
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but the point I'm trying to make is
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that these people only my no not our minority okay 1 % of the population really Okay,
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and they still depend on luck Any more questions before I move on?
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Okay So this leads us to a question which is okay.
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Well the way that I frame everything Okay, the way that I frame everything you have poor and you have rich
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And as discussed they live in their own world world
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and they don't really connect with each other They have different parenting strategies, they have different outlooks.
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The rich stay with themselves, the poor stay amongst themselves.
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So this looks like a very stable system, right?
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Stability.
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The word we can use is equilibrium.
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Now the question then is, why do societies collapse?
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Why are there revolutions?
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Why are there social changes?
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This looks like a system of equilibrium where, because of parenting, people know their place.
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And people know how to best strategize about maintaining their place.
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So why is there social change?
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And the reason why is that this system has problems and it's stable,
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but the main problem is this system.
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Okay?
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It's the rich that's problematic.
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And the reason why is that the rich are taught from day one to negotiate a better outcome.
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Okay, so another way of saying this is that the poor is like minimum outcome, okay?
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The rich want the maximum outcome.
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the poor like you know what if I'm you know if I'm alive if I have a different job I'm okay though
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but the rich are like no I need to be the
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top dog I need to improve my lot in society otherwise what's the point of my life okay
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so they have high expectations okay high expectations expectations,
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low expectations, okay, and this is a problem because power,
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it's a zero -sum game, okay, hierarchy is a zero -sum game, so only a few people can be at the top,
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so eventually, you get into a situation where there are two rich people, too many rich people and not enough powerful positions,
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and this is what's called elite overproduction.
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And then what happens here is that in order to get power,
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certain factions of the rich will align with certain factions of the poor against the powers that be.
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So all revolutions are always between the half a lot versus half some.
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It's never between rich and poor.
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It's always between half a lot and half some.
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So the people who led the Chinese Revolution, right, people like Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, they were not poor people, they didn't come from poor families.
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But they weren't rich enough, okay, so the Chinese Revolution was really between the urban elite Versus the rural elite Okay,
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if I have a lot versus have some you look at every revolution in human history.
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That's always been the case Okay, you go back to Chinese history.
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You look at all these revolutions that started in China.
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It was always led by
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the middle class or
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the aspirational class usually merchants right merchants because they were discriminated heavily in society
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but they had money and they wanted to transform their money into power
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and so when times were bad when people were looking for change they took the initiative and led people into revolution Okay,
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does it make sense, guys?
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Alright, any questions?
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Alright.
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So you said the revolution was initially being with.. in those rich people
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so how could they lead the poor people to to to vote for them to start the revolution because
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revolution need a huge amount of people that let the public face to um like yeah to initiate okay
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okay great question okay so revolutions are almost the same so over time because of the structure
432
because of the inequality between rich and poor, certain problems arise, okay?
433
So, and these problems are extremely common.
434
The first problem, okay, problems.
435
The first problem is indebtedness.
436
Because the rich have a monopoly over wealth, for the poor to survive, they need to borrow money.
437
But over time, because of interest rates,
438
the poor find themselves in slavery, okay?
439
Because you can't afford to pay back the bank or the rich person, then your body is collateral, okay?
440
So you become a slave, but not only do you become a slave, but your children become slaves as well.
441
So slavery was a very common problem,
442
and then the third issue of course is landlessness Okay,
443
so these are the three most common Problems that ultimately become the seeds of revolution
444
The poor are getting a debt and so they lose their land
445
and their children become slaves the children their children's children become slaves as well Because of interest rates,
446
it's impossible for you to pay back that debt.
447
So now you have a majority of people who have actually no incentive to live.
448
So what happens now is that an elite say to these people,
449
follow me into revolution and I will clear your debts.
450
I will give you land and I will end slavery.
451
And that's it.
452
Okay?
453
Every single revolution has been like this.
454
There have been different names.
455
Okay?
456
So for example, communists are like, we'll create a communist paradise.
457
But what's a communist paradise?
458
A communist paradise is where debt is canceled, where people are given land, and where no one's a slave.
459
Okay?
460
Then others are like, okay, we'll create a religious paradise.
461
Islam.
462
Okay, so Mohammed, the Islamic revolution was about this initially.
463
Later on it changed, right?
464
And Mohammed said to everyone, where you create the kingdom of heaven?
465
What's the kingdom of heaven?
466
The kingdom of heaven is where people don't have debt, where people have land to feed themselves, and where there are no slaves.
467
So if you are a Muslim, you You can never be a slave.
468
Okay?
469
So look at every single revolution, it's this pattern.
470
Whereas over time, because of inequality in society, you have people who fall into too much debt,
471
they become slaves, they have no land, and then because of elite overproduction, you have this faction that splinters off and who,
472
in order to obtain power, get the people on their side.
473
And you look at the Roman Civil War Julius Caesar was saying the same thing Why was he so popular?
474
Because he was saying to the Roman people
475
If I become king I will get rid of your debt I will free you of slavery
476
And I will give you land And that's why they had to kill him
477
Why is Donald Trump so popular in America right now?
478
Same thing man Where Americans are in debt to their credit cards Student loans,
479
their houses and so they believe that Donald Trump were to become a power, if he were to become king, what's the First United King does?
480
What the First United King always does is cancel all debts.
481
Because if you cancel all debts, who loses power?
482
It's the rich who lose power.
483
And it's the rich who are most dangerous to a king.
484
Okay?
485
Does that make sense?
486
So again, this is a very similar pattern in human history.
487
It's all game theory, okay?
488
Any more questions, guys?
489
Okay, ask one more question, then we'll break, okay?
490
Is this clear to you guys?
491
Okay, so another way of understanding this is that according to game theory, individuals don't really matter, okay?
492
You have to look at large groups, you have to look at large social trends, okay?
493
You cannot really change the outcome for certain groups of people like poor kids unless you
494
and look at the overall structure in which they live.
495
One more question guys, then we'll break for the day.
496
Yeah, Alan.
497
so like does that the the society or like just the elite
498
that really rule the country who really have the power
499
and have the motivations to maintain a society
500
that a certain degree of social mobility is allowed
501
but not all of them but but but not really a big social mobility
502
so so that firstly they can maintain their power, but second, they give their lower class people a hope to get into the rich class,
503
but not using revolutions or other things that will turn this society into collapse.
504
Okay, yeah.
505
Okay, look, you're absolutely right.
506
So social mobility is really the best form of governance, right?
507
As long as you enable people with talent and ability and ambition to climb up, they'll be happy.
508
And your society will be very stable.
509
But not only will it be very stable, it will be very prosperous, very creative.
510
And it doesn't matter what system you have, okay?
511
So the example is, okay, America in the 1950s was a democracy.
512
And there's a lot of social mobility.
513
and so people worked really hard and america became very wealthy
514
but guess what in china 1950s china was not a democracy it was a communist system
515
but in 1950s people worked really hard as well why
516
because china was destroyed after decades of war
517
and there were lots of opportunities for social mobility
518
if you worked hard you got promoted very quickly in the system so even though it was a communist system,
519
not a capitalist system, even though it was a command economy rather than democracy,
520
people worked really hard because they thought that by working hard they could improve their lives.
521
So social mobility is the best form of governance.
522
You don't need democracy.
523
You don't need any system.
524
As long as you have social mobility, people will be happy.
525
The problem, though, is that over time,
526
less than a generation, all positions of power are failed, okay?
527
So the people with talent who made the country great, who made the country wealthy, when they get into power,
528
they don't want people like them to replace them they want their children to replace them okay
529
and over time these children are a lot
530
so what happens is at the very top all the positions are filled and there's a waiting list as well so
531
if you are a poor person who is uh who works
532
hard really talented unfortunately all those positions at the top are filled already,
533
and there's also a waiting list, so too bad, okay?
534
And this is, and again, just look at Chinese history, right?
535
Look at Chinese history, where at the beginning of the dynasty, you had all these talented people take the civil entrance examination,
536
the keju, and these are really tall people, but then what happens is that they have children, and they teach their children how to do on a keju,
537
and then eventually they're They're like, you know what, we'll just cheat.
538
So they corrupt the keju, and then eventually, like, you know what, screw this.
539
Whoever can pay to pass the keju will pass the keju.
540
And then all the positions at the very top are filled.
541
There's no more social mobility, so what do people do?
542
They engage in revolution, right?
543
So you look at Hong Xiuquan, right?
544
He failed the keju, or there was no position at the top for him, so he started, so he believed he became the brother of Jesus, right?
545
And he started this revolution that claimed tens of millions of lives in China.
546
Why?
547
Because there was no social mobility for him.
548
50 years ago, prior, he would have been a civil servant.
549
Same thing for Mao Zedong, right?
550
By the time that Mao Zedong became a university student, the Koju had been eliminated.
551
So there's no way for him to climb the ladder anymore.
552
Therefore, he had to start engaging in new ideas.
553
Okay?
554
So you're absolutely right in that social mobility is the best way to maintain social harmony,
555
but people have children and they want the children to succeed
556
and they will arrange a system in a way
557
that only their children can succeed which screws over every other children every everyone else
558
and so they have no choice but to overflow the system okay or another thing this is game reset game reset
559
this is what a revolution is okay so another way another way of saying this is that
560
100 people are playing a game 10 people are winning
561
and they keep on winning and they can only win
562
so everyone else is like screw this game let's start a new game
563
and the 10 people are like nope we're happy playing this game they can't agree
564
so the united people can only do is a revolution
565
which allows for game reset which is now again allows for social mobility and that is the course of human history okay
566
either you um climb up the ladder
567
if they don't allow you to climb up the ladder then you should Just break the game.
568
But unfortunately, again, once you're in power, you want your children to inherit your power,
569
and so you will rig the game in a way that only your children can succeed.
570
That's why the schools are the way they are.
571
Schools for the rich are very different from schools for the poor, right?
572
Schools, for the rich, there's a lot of freedom, there's a lot of creativity, the teachers are very good.
573
You go to poor schools and it's the complete opposite.
574
And the reason why is the system is set up to make sure that certain people succeed and everyone else fails.
575
Okay?
576
Does that make sense, Alan?
577
Okay, great.
578
Any more questions, guys?
579
All right.
580
Good.
581
I'll see you guys next class, okay?
582
Thank you.
583
Thank you.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questo video contiene 583 frasi e 6643 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 52:56. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 125 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Il 88% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è facile da seguire.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole meno comuni del video, con pronuncia e significato:
- mobility /mə(ʊ)ˈbɪlɪti/ (sostantivo) — mobilità. The ability to move; capacity for movement.
- mindset /ˈmaɪn(d)ˌsɛt/ (sostantivo) — mentalità, modo di pensare. A way of thinking; an attitude or opinion, especially a habitual one.
- resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/ (sostantivo) — resilienza, determinazione. The mental ability to recover quickly from depression, illness or misfortune.
- slave /sleɪv/ (sostantivo) — schiavo, schiava. A person who is held in servitude as the property of another person, and whose labor (and often also whose body and life) is subject to the owner's volition…
- outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ (sostantivo) — risultato. That which is produced or occurs as a result of an event or process.
- negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/ (verbo) — negoziare. To confer with others in order to come to terms or reach an agreement.
- stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ (sostantivo) — stalla, scuderia. A building, wing or dependency set apart and adapted for lodging and feeding (and training) ungulates, especially horses.
- elite /ɪˈlit/ (sostantivo) — élite. A special group or social class of people who have a superior social or economic status and attendant power, advantages, or privileges in society; a member of…
- marry /ˈmæɹi/ (verbo) — sposare. To enter into the conjugal or connubial state; to take a husband or a wife.
- communist /ˈkɑ.mjə.nɪst/ (sostantivo) — comunista. An advocate of a society based on the common ownership of property; a proponent of communism.
- stability /stəˈbɪlɪti/ (sostantivo) — stabilità. The condition of being stable or in equilibrium, and thus resistant to change.
- behave /bɪˈheɪv/ (verbo) — comportarsi, agire. To conduct (oneself) well, or in a given way; to conform.
- assessment /əˈsɛsmənt/ (sostantivo) — accertamento. The act of assessing or an amount (of tax, levy or duty etc) assessed.
- climb /ˈklaɪ̯m/ (verbo) — arrampicare, scalare. To traverse a slope or contour, either upwards (ascending) or downwards (descending).
- slavery /ˈsleɪvəɹi/ (sostantivo) — schiavismo. An institution or social practice of owning human beings as property, especially for use as forced laborers.
I phrasal verb che sentirai
- look at (verbo) — guardare. To observe or watch.
- figure out (verbo) — scoprire, rendersi conto. To come to understand; to discover or find a solution; to deduce.
- get up (verbo) — alzarsi. To move in an upward direction; to ascend or climb.
- come back (verbo) — tornare. To return to a place.
- give up (verbo) — arrendersi. To surrender (someone or something); to inform on (someone).
- go away (verbo) — partire, andarsene. To depart or leave a place.
- move on (verbo) — passare oltre. To continue; to proceed; to go on.
- pay back /peɪ bæk/ (verbo) — ripagare, restituire. To pay (a debt or the lender) so as to provide the entire amount of money owed.
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 152 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come you're, don't, they're. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: wealthy /ˈwɛl.θi/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, athlete /ˈæθ.liːt/, authoritarian /əˌθɑ.ɹəˈtɛɹ.i.ən/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/, faction /ˈfæk.ʃən/, vacation /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: mobility /mə(ʊ)ˈbɪlɪti/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, stability /stəˈbɪlɪti/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come mobility, mindset, resilience.
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Frasi condizionali if + frase, will/would + verbo — una condizione e il suo risultato | if you do this, you'll succeed · if you're successful, you'll get · if your parents are poor you will not |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | we've done · we've tried · you've been raised |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | are correlated · is respected · are stressed |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | people who succeed · students who can · students who resist |
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.