Shadowing Practice: Game Theory #3: Rich Dad, Poor Dad - Learn English Speaking with Video

Elige un modo de práctica

Cada modo abre una sala de práctica a pantalla completa.

583 oraciones

Si las oraciones son demasiado cortas o largas, haz clic en Editar para ajustarlas.

Today we look at the question of success.

Okay, the question is who succeeds and why?

Okay, so we've done a lot of research and we've discovered that people who succeed succeed for certain reasons.

So there is a Columbia psychologist named Walter Mischel and he devised a very famous experiment called the marshmallow test.

In the marshmallow test it's very very easy okay

so imagine a room and I invite a four -year -old

or five -year -old to come into this room

and have a conversation with him

or her I asked him how's your mother what do you like to do

and it's a very good conversation then suddenly I get up and say I'm really sorry but I need to go

across the hallway for another meeting but I'll be back okay

so just wait for me

and here I'll make you a deal here's a marshmallow I'm gonna put a marshmallow in front of you

and you can have it right now if I come back

and the marshmallow is still there I will give you two marshmallows okay

and and then Walter Mitchell he goes away

and he goes behind the room

and for a see -through mirror he's able to see the students as they struggle to contain themselves

because obviously they want two marshmallows and there are some students who can, in fact, resist the temptation to eat the first marshmallow and they get a second marshmallow,

but then there are others who cannot.

And Walter Mitchell will spend 50 years just tracking them, okay?

And what he discovers is this.

The students who resist the temptation, who get the second marshmallow, they are much more likely to do better in school.

They have higher test scores.

They have better careers.

Their careers are more stable.

They get promoted their careers they're much more able to find

a stable relationship they avoid jail they avoid drugs they avoid

alcohol they're more lean they're more fit they live longer better teeth

and those who cannot resist

and eat the first marshmallow right away they have the opposite effect okay And so the idea is that for Walter Mischel,

success means delayed gratification.

And all this means is that people who succeed are capable of long -term planning.

To succeed today, I will make sacrifices necessary.

So, if my friends are playing outside and I need to do my homework, well, I'm going to stay at home and do my homework.

So, long -term planning, what he calls delayed gratification.

Or, a much more simple way of saying this is the idea of self -control.

Right?

Or, the idea of emotional regulation.

You're able to keep your emotions in check.

If you're angry, you're able to calm yourself down.

Okay, and so we've tried, we know about this, and that's why in school we focus on the idea of emotional regulation.

Teaching you how to better control your emotions.

How to do long -term planning.

Okay?

So that's one theory of success.

Another fear of success comes to us from another psychologist named Carol Dwight.

And she's at Stanford.

And she wrote a book called Mindset.

Okay?

And what she tells us is that those who succeed in life have a growth mindset.

and those who fell in life have a fixed mindset, okay, and it's not hard,

okay, the idea is resilience.

Those who have a growth mindset, if they fall or they fail, they see themselves, this opportunity for me to learn.

So I'm going to think about what I did wrong,

next time I'll do better and a fixed mindset are people who can accept the idea of failure who think that

It's because they're not capable of improving and therefore they give up Okay So those who have a growth mindset

If they fail, they try harder.

Those who have a fixed mindset if they fail, they just give up and So they have resilience.

Okay, pretty simple, right?

And the third idea of success comes to us from Kay Anders Eriksson who is a Swedish psychologist,

and she wants to know why certain people are able to succeed as musicians or athletes.

And he creates the idea of deliberate practice.

Okay, so what he found is that people who want to become athletes or musicians, They work really hard.

They practice every day.

The people who succeed practice strategically.

Okay?

So those who work hard just work a long time.

But those who work strategically have a plan.

The plan is this.

What are my goals?

How can I achieve these goals?

and then how do I improve my plan okay

so they're examining their own practices

and they're trying to figure out where the weaknesses are where

they can improve instead of plan on how to improve

and then they follow this plan and

if this plan helps them improve they stick to a plan

but if the plan doesn't really work they change the plan as well okay

so this is the idea of self reflection

or self assessment constantly thinking about

how you are as a student and figure out figure out how to improve your own learning strategies and what What K.

Anders Ericsson discovered is that if you do this, you'll succeed at anything.

And this is true.

Okay?

And the reason why we know it's true is there are two American psychologists named Dunning and Kruger.

There's something called the Dunning -Kruger effect.

And so what they did was this.

They ran an experiment.

There are 500 students in their psychology class, first year university.

They made every student take an IQ test.

And then after they took the IQ test, they asked each student, how do you think you did on the IQ test?

Do you place in the top 5 % or the bottom 5 %?

And it turns out that no one got the ranking correct.

So those who were in the top 5 % in terms of IQ thought they were maybe in the top 20%.

Because for them, it was easy, so they assumed everyone, for everyone else, it was easy as well.

But what was dramatic is that those who scored the lowest thought they were average, okay?

So the worst 5 % in the class thought they were in the top 50%, or just average.

And the reason why is those people who are stupid lack the capacity to know they're stupid, okay?

100

So what Dunning -Cougar discovered is that the hardest part of being a student is to assess yourself properly.

101

To know exactly where you stand and how to improve.

102

Those who are stupid are often the most confident in the world.

103

That's what's called the Dunning -Cougar effect.

104

And this helps explain why the world is why it is.

105

Because often the people in power are stupid.

106

They don't know they're stupid.

107

They were confident and they do stupid things like Donald Trump.

108

Okay?

109

All right All right, so now with these three theories, right?

110

We have self -control.

111

We have resilience and we have self -assessment and which

112

and then and so as educators at schools what we can do is devise strategies and

113

Curriculum top students all succeed correct, right?

114

the problem is that when we actually try this it doesn't work okay

115

if you do a bad student and you teach him self -control resilience

116

and self -assessment the student doesn't actually get better the reason why is okay

117

and this is a very important idea for you guys to remember is that

118

correlation does not equal causation okay you guys you guys need

119

to remember this this means things are correlated does not mean they cost each other

120

so I'll give you an example we know

121

that successful people they get up early in the morning okay they get about four o 'clock in the morning

122

but just because you get up at four o 'clock in the morning does not mean you'll succeed.

123

Okay?

124

Just because you work hard, just because you're resilient, just because you have growth mindset does not mean you'll succeed.

125

But if you're successful, you'll get up early in the morning because you are more motivated.

126

If you are successful in life, you will have more self -control.

127

You will have more resilience you will be more humble okay does

128

that make sense so if you're rich guess what happens you become successful

129

and therefore you will have growth mindset self -control deliberate practice it doesn't make sense

130

but just because you have growth mindset deliberate practice

131

and resilience does not mean you succeed okay

132

so the question for us is why does this happen

133

and ultimately who succeeds okay so we know for a fact

134

that rich people are much more likely likely to succeed than poor people

135

and in fact we know from macro academic studies is

136

that school doesn't really matter doesn't matter how well you know

137

do in school your parents are rich you'll be successful in life

138

if your parents are poor you will not be successful in life okay

139

so what's the difference okay so now let's look at parenting strategies between rich

140

and poor okay so there are lots of differences

141

but let's focus on three major differences the first major difference is

142

that rich parents speak to their kids more

143

than poor parents okay high vocabulary low vocabulary

144

when rich parents speak to the kids which parents will use high vocabulary longer sentences.

145

Poor parents will just be no, yes, go away.

146

Okay, another major difference is in attitude.

147

Okay, so rich parents use a friendly attitude and poor Your parents use an authoritarian or command attitude.

148

So for example, if you are a rich kid, and you go and touch a stove,

149

okay, and you burn your hand, the rich parent will say, listen, you made a mistake, don't worry about it.

150

Let me explain to you why touching a fire is bad for you

151

because you'll burn yourself and you might have to go to a doctor

152

and we will feel pain if you hurt yourself, okay?

153

So the rich parent will spend a lot of time explaining to the child why this is wrong

154

and how not to do it again.

155

The poor parent is like, don't you ever do that again or I'll beat the crap out of you, okay?

156

Don't do that.

157

Pretty simple, okay?

158

But as you can understand,

159

the rich kid will understand that the world is safe and that he is respected in this world, okay?

160

Whereas the poor child will think that the world is scary and he or she must be afraid of adults.

161

And this carries on into school, right?

162

Because as a rich kid, you go to school and you think that, oh, my teacher is my friend.

163

So you smile at the teacher, and you hug the teacher, and the teacher smiles back, and now you're friends, right?

164

But if you're a poor kid, and you see the teacher, you're afraid to look at the teacher.

165

You don't smile.

166

You are stressed, okay?

167

And the teacher thinks that you might be a problem child.

168

So the problem with this is that, yes, being a third -in -term parent, it is effective, but it creates stress in the family.

169

Okay, it makes the child feel unsafe and this leads to our the third major difference between rich parents and poor parents

170

Rich parents offer stability, okay?

171

Poor parents can only offer volatility.

172

This is a very simple idea.

173

Rich parents have money so they can afford to keep promises.

174

So, I'm a rich parent, I say to my child, okay, next week we'll go to Thailand for vacation.

175

Guess what?

176

Next week you guys go to Thailand for vacation.

177

But if you're a poor parent, money is always an issue.

178

So it's hard for you to keep promises, right?

179

So it's like next week we'll go to McDonald's for lunch, but your paycheck It's not enough.

180

So you're like, sorry, we can't go anymore Okay,

181

and now because of these different parenting styles we understand why Rich kids behave different from poor kids, right?

182

So let's look at the idea idea of self -control Right self -control What is the marshmallow test?

183

Marshmallow test is not a test of self -control.

184

It's a test of your trust in others, right?

185

If you believe that the teacher who goes outside,

186

if you believe that he or she comes back and will keep his or her promise, then you will not eat that marshmallow.

187

But if you think that this teacher is lying to me, then you're not going to eat that marshmallow.

188

Then you will eat that marshmallow, right?

189

So it's not really about self -control.

190

It's about your belief and trust in authority figures, right?

191

So if you're rich, stability, you have stability.

192

But if you're poor, you don't have stability.

193

So you're actually better off eating that marshmallow rather than waiting for that second marshmallow.

194

Because guess what?

195

Most of the time, you will not get that second marshmallow.

196

Do you understand?

197

So it's not that poor kids are stupid poor kids are rational

198

and they're responding to the circumstances that they live in Okay, and Resilience right?

199

Well the idea of resilience is that You believe that the world will help you Right,

200

so if you're rich and you believe that everyone helps you, you can be resilient.

201

Because if you fail, someone will help you get up.

202

If you're poor, if you fail, that probably tells you you shouldn't be doing this.

203

Okay?

204

You probably won't succeed doing this.

205

So you don't have much confidence in others.

206

Okay?

207

And the idea of self -assessment, right?

208

Looking inward.

209

Well, if you're a poor child who lives under a lot of stress, it's hard for you to be self -reflective because if you look back at yourself,

210

all you can think about is your pain and your stress.

211

Okay?

212

So, from these different parenting strategies, we can now explain why different students behave the way they do.

213

This, of course, may lead you to think, okay, well then, rather than construct our schools around self -control,

214

resilience, and self -reflection, we should construct our schools around better parenting skills, okay?

215

Which means that, hey, let's construct schools where kids are exposed to a lot of vocabulary,

216

where teachers are friendly, and where there's a lot of stability, okay?

217

And we've tried this, and it's more effective, but it doesn't really work either.

218

Why?

219

Because the kids come in too late.

220

A lot of their worldview is already established.

221

Then you're like, okay, well, then let's change how parents behave.

222

And when you do that, what you recognize is that, nope, you can't change how they behave either.

223

So no matter what you do, you end up with massive differences between the poor and the rich.

224

The rich stay rich and the poor stay poor.

225

So now the question for us is, why is this the case?

226

And it's the case because society is a hierarchy,

227

and the hierarchy is usually divided between the rich and the poor.

228

And these two worlds are night and day, they're very, very different.

229

As a poor person, if you want to survive, you have to obey authority,

230

but if you're a rich person, the way that you get along with others,

231

the way that you maximize your outcome is by negotiating with others okay negotiating okay

232

so negotiating can also mean debate right so who should be the boss well let's have a debate and

233

present different evidence as to to figure out who's who should be the boss

234

okay so negotiation means debate and argument

235

so this helps us this helps us understand why different parents parent their child differently

236

if you're a poor parent your responsibility is to make sure

237

that your child knows how to obey authority okay that's why you command your child But if you are a rich parent,

238

you want your child to be able to negotiate with authority.

239

And that's why you respect your child and you teach your child how to debate, how to argue, how to negotiate with others.

240

Okay?

241

Because they live in different worlds.

242

Another way of saying this is that from day one,

243

rich kids know that they're playing a different game than, they're playing a different game from poor kids, okay?

244

Okay?

245

So, let's go back and look at parents.

246

Okay?

247

So, poor parents command their child.

248

Don't really speak.

249

Don't communicate. And don't keep promises.

250

Okay?

251

All right, so poor parents do these three things, and we know that if they do these three things, the outcome won't be so good, okay?

252

And the reason why they do this is that they're not playing a game to improve their kid's outcome,

253

they're playing a game to get along with other parents, okay?

254

okay colleagues family okay authority okay so another thing this is this

255

police boss okay family okay all right

256

so as a parent you're trying to figure out how to negotiate with the police for your boss

257

and with your family so if you're a poor person

258

and the police knows you're a poor person the police is gonna bully you

259

if you fight back the police will probably put you in jail

260

okay so it's very important that you accept authority you don't charge authority

261

because if you do you'll probably get into trouble your boss right

262

if you're a poor person your your boss will just command you about

263

and so it's very important

264

that your child knows how to take orders rather than ask

265

questions rather than debate your child must learn how to just follow orders

266

or at least keep his mouth shut okay

267

and then family is about maintaining good relations with those who can most support you,

268

and that often means the same values.

269

So if your family members or your friends, if they are parenting their child in this manner, you're also going to copy them, okay, imitation.

270

All right, and for a poor person,

271

this is the optimal strategy of how to parent Okay,

272

doesn't make sense guys Because if you do it another way,

273

okay If you are, if you choose to be a friend to your child If you choose to communicate,

274

if you choose to keep your promises, then your friends and your family will think that you're doing something wrong.

275

Do you understand?

276

They won't think, oh my god, you're an enlightened parent who's read a lot of parenting books and great for you.

277

They're going to think there's something wrong with you.

278

Okay?

279

So let me give you an example of this.

280

Let me give you an example of this.

281

So my wife and I have three kids, okay?

282

My parenting style.

283

So my wife and I have three kids.

284

And this is how we parent our kid, okay?

285

First of all, we have our child, we give our child a lot of freedom.

286

So we don't have our kids do activities, okay?

287

Okay, we don't have our kids do lots of activities.

288

We don't send our kids to math class, we don't send our kids to swimming class, we don't send our kids to piano class, okay?

289

We just let our kids run around and play.

290

The other thing that we do is we communicate a lot with our child.

291

We believe in democracy in our family.

292

If there's if we're gonna make a decision together, we want everyone to communicate together Okay, um so

293

Normal Chinese family will just have a very tight schedule right

294

and the other thing that we do that's different is we tell stories the other Chinese families will do math,

295

okay so So we raise our children in a way that's very different from normal Chinese families,

296

from the way that you've been raised.

297

And we do this because both my wife and I, we spend a lot of time talking about parenting.

298

I've read a lot of books about parenting.

299

I've spent many decades researching the best education possible.

300

And so that's why we raise our children in this way.

301

And guess what?

302

Because we do this, we have no friends in China.

303

We have family, but they all think we're crazy.

304

Okay?

305

But we do this because for us, what's most important is to make sure that our children are happy

306

and healthy and that they have a chance to be creative and be successful in life.

307

Because I think that if you do it this way, the child will not be creative, will not be successful successful.

308

But if you do it this way, your child will fit into China better.

309

So parenting, the goal, the incentive, is not for your child to succeed.

310

The incentive is for your child to fit into China

311

or the larger social environment that you are in okay

312

and that's why it's very hard to change the way people behave

313

and that's why social structures are extremely rigid

314

because the game they're playing is often just to fit into their environment okay does

315

that make sense guys okay any questions So for poor families,

316

is there any way for the poor kids to succeed to be the rich parent you describe in the future?

317

Okay, that's a really good question, okay?

318

So we know that there are certain poor kids who do succeed.

319

For example, I'm a poor kid who succeeded.

320

My, um, we immigrated to Toronto, Canada, when I was like six years old, and my father was a dishwasher,

321

so we were a very poor family, okay?

322

And, but I succeeded because I left Canada for the United States.

323

So Canada is a very rigid place, where poor people basically move up a bit, but not too far.

324

But I was able to succeed because I was able to get a scholarship to go study in the United States Okay,

325

so there are opportunities the problem though is that it means leaving your community Okay, does that make sense?

326

So one way to succeed is to abandon your community Okay,

327

but that's high risk So you have to be extremely individualistic.

328

to take such a risk so that's why most most people don't do it

329

because you think about it the safest option for you is to stay within your community

330

that's what's gonna guarantee you the most the best outcome but

331

if you choose to abandon your community and just say

332

and just say you know what I'm gonna go somewhere else

333

and try my luck that's taking a really high risk okay so you To succeed, you have to take high risk.

334

So another possibility is war.

335

That traditionally, historically, has been the best mechanism of social mobility.

336

When you go fight a war and you do really well, you get promoted in life.

337

Okay?

338

But again, war is high risk, because chances are you'll get killed.

339

okay so not just war but also revolution right okay

340

and of course the best way of course is to marry up marrying up okay

341

and that's why remember remember in our first class we talked

342

about the dating game right where woman only want five

343

and four okay the reason why is that five

344

and four are high status and three two one are low status

345

so if you're a woman you don't want to marry into a low -status family

346

because your children will be screwed over okay your best option

347

is to take a risk gamble into a high -status

348

and marry you want you want trying to marry into a high status family okay

349

so traditionally um war and marrying up are the two major mechanisms of social mobility in today's world um

350

abandoning community can also lead to success okay basically immigrating to a place that offers more or social mobility,

351

which often means the United States.

352

Okay, but another way of saying this is, you have to get really lucky, guys.

353

Okay, so there's lots of poor people who think that, you know, I succeeded because I worked hard and I'm really talented.

354

Look, I was born poor, I lucked into Yale.

355

Okay, it's luck.

356

You can work as hard as you want, but the chances are against you.

357

Okay, and it takes a certain personality, which is you're really individualistic.

358

You're very ambitious and you have high risk tolerance Most people don't have that.

359

Okay, so yes, there are certain people who despite their background they're able to succeed

360

But that's often the exception to the rule as opposed to the rule itself.

361

Okay, so so thank you Is this clear?

362

Okay.

363

Any more questions guys before I move on?

364

Okay

365

can be luck counted as a kind of ability

366

or is just coincidence okay that's a really good question yeah okay yep

367

so you're absolutely right okay so luck is a form of strategy okay strategy

368

And all this is saying is

369

that you are trying to position yourself in a place that allows you to get lucky, okay?

370

So I left Canada and I went to the United States because I knew that in Canada, it doesn't matter how hard you work, no one cares.

371

But in the United States, if you work really hard, then you might get lucky and you might meet someone who's like, wow, you're a really hard worker, I want to promote you, okay?

372

So you're right in that, yes, you can strategize and increase your luck, but it's still luck.

373

And those who succeed are able to think strategically and far ahead

374

and position themselves in a way that allows them to get lucky.

375

okay and they often have the characteristics that we talked about you know like so self -control

376

resilience and the ability to look inward and better understand what you're good at okay

377

so it takes a combination of factors

378

but the point I'm trying to make is

379

that these people only my no not our minority okay 1 % of the population really Okay,

380

and they still depend on luck Any more questions before I move on?

381

Okay So this leads us to a question which is okay.

382

Well the way that I frame everything Okay, the way that I frame everything you have poor and you have rich

383

And as discussed they live in their own world world

384

and they don't really connect with each other They have different parenting strategies, they have different outlooks.

385

The rich stay with themselves, the poor stay amongst themselves.

386

So this looks like a very stable system, right?

387

Stability.

388

The word we can use is equilibrium.

389

Now the question then is, why do societies collapse?

390

Why are there revolutions?

391

Why are there social changes?

392

This looks like a system of equilibrium where, because of parenting, people know their place.

393

And people know how to best strategize about maintaining their place.

394

So why is there social change?

395

And the reason why is that this system has problems and it's stable,

396

but the main problem is this system.

397

Okay?

398

It's the rich that's problematic.

399

And the reason why is that the rich are taught from day one to negotiate a better outcome.

400

Okay, so another way of saying this is that the poor is like minimum outcome, okay?

401

The rich want the maximum outcome.

402

the poor like you know what if I'm you know if I'm alive if I have a different job I'm okay though

403

but the rich are like no I need to be the

404

top dog I need to improve my lot in society otherwise what's the point of my life okay

405

so they have high expectations okay high expectations expectations,

406

low expectations, okay, and this is a problem because power,

407

it's a zero -sum game, okay, hierarchy is a zero -sum game, so only a few people can be at the top,

408

so eventually, you get into a situation where there are two rich people, too many rich people and not enough powerful positions,

409

and this is what's called elite overproduction.

410

And then what happens here is that in order to get power,

411

certain factions of the rich will align with certain factions of the poor against the powers that be.

412

So all revolutions are always between the half a lot versus half some.

413

It's never between rich and poor.

414

It's always between half a lot and half some.

415

So the people who led the Chinese Revolution, right, people like Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, they were not poor people, they didn't come from poor families.

416

But they weren't rich enough, okay, so the Chinese Revolution was really between the urban elite Versus the rural elite Okay,

417

if I have a lot versus have some you look at every revolution in human history.

418

That's always been the case Okay, you go back to Chinese history.

419

You look at all these revolutions that started in China.

420

It was always led by

421

the middle class or

422

the aspirational class usually merchants right merchants because they were discriminated heavily in society

423

but they had money and they wanted to transform their money into power

424

and so when times were bad when people were looking for change they took the initiative and led people into revolution Okay,

425

does it make sense, guys?

426

Alright, any questions?

427

Alright.

428

So you said the revolution was initially being with.. in those rich people

429

so how could they lead the poor people to to to vote for them to start the revolution because

430

revolution need a huge amount of people that let the public face to um like yeah to initiate okay

431

okay great question okay so revolutions are almost the same so over time because of the structure

432

because of the inequality between rich and poor, certain problems arise, okay?

433

So, and these problems are extremely common.

434

The first problem, okay, problems.

435

The first problem is indebtedness.

436

Because the rich have a monopoly over wealth, for the poor to survive, they need to borrow money.

437

But over time, because of interest rates,

438

the poor find themselves in slavery, okay?

439

Because you can't afford to pay back the bank or the rich person, then your body is collateral, okay?

440

So you become a slave, but not only do you become a slave, but your children become slaves as well.

441

So slavery was a very common problem,

442

and then the third issue of course is landlessness Okay,

443

so these are the three most common Problems that ultimately become the seeds of revolution

444

The poor are getting a debt and so they lose their land

445

and their children become slaves the children their children's children become slaves as well Because of interest rates,

446

it's impossible for you to pay back that debt.

447

So now you have a majority of people who have actually no incentive to live.

448

So what happens now is that an elite say to these people,

449

follow me into revolution and I will clear your debts.

450

I will give you land and I will end slavery.

451

And that's it.

452

Okay?

453

Every single revolution has been like this.

454

There have been different names.

455

Okay?

456

So for example, communists are like, we'll create a communist paradise.

457

But what's a communist paradise?

458

A communist paradise is where debt is canceled, where people are given land, and where no one's a slave.

459

Okay?

460

Then others are like, okay, we'll create a religious paradise.

461

Islam.

462

Okay, so Mohammed, the Islamic revolution was about this initially.

463

Later on it changed, right?

464

And Mohammed said to everyone, where you create the kingdom of heaven?

465

What's the kingdom of heaven?

466

The kingdom of heaven is where people don't have debt, where people have land to feed themselves, and where there are no slaves.

467

So if you are a Muslim, you You can never be a slave.

468

Okay?

469

So look at every single revolution, it's this pattern.

470

Whereas over time, because of inequality in society, you have people who fall into too much debt,

471

they become slaves, they have no land, and then because of elite overproduction, you have this faction that splinters off and who,

472

in order to obtain power, get the people on their side.

473

And you look at the Roman Civil War Julius Caesar was saying the same thing Why was he so popular?

474

Because he was saying to the Roman people

475

If I become king I will get rid of your debt I will free you of slavery

476

And I will give you land And that's why they had to kill him

477

Why is Donald Trump so popular in America right now?

478

Same thing man Where Americans are in debt to their credit cards Student loans,

479

their houses and so they believe that Donald Trump were to become a power, if he were to become king, what's the First United King does?

480

What the First United King always does is cancel all debts.

481

Because if you cancel all debts, who loses power?

482

It's the rich who lose power.

483

And it's the rich who are most dangerous to a king.

484

Okay?

485

Does that make sense?

486

So again, this is a very similar pattern in human history.

487

It's all game theory, okay?

488

Any more questions, guys?

489

Okay, ask one more question, then we'll break, okay?

490

Is this clear to you guys?

491

Okay, so another way of understanding this is that according to game theory, individuals don't really matter, okay?

492

You have to look at large groups, you have to look at large social trends, okay?

493

You cannot really change the outcome for certain groups of people like poor kids unless you

494

and look at the overall structure in which they live.

495

One more question guys, then we'll break for the day.

496

Yeah, Alan.

497

so like does that the the society or like just the elite

498

that really rule the country who really have the power

499

and have the motivations to maintain a society

500

that a certain degree of social mobility is allowed

501

but not all of them but but but not really a big social mobility

502

so so that firstly they can maintain their power, but second, they give their lower class people a hope to get into the rich class,

503

but not using revolutions or other things that will turn this society into collapse.

504

Okay, yeah.

505

Okay, look, you're absolutely right.

506

So social mobility is really the best form of governance, right?

507

As long as you enable people with talent and ability and ambition to climb up, they'll be happy.

508

And your society will be very stable.

509

But not only will it be very stable, it will be very prosperous, very creative.

510

And it doesn't matter what system you have, okay?

511

So the example is, okay, America in the 1950s was a democracy.

512

And there's a lot of social mobility.

513

and so people worked really hard and america became very wealthy

514

but guess what in china 1950s china was not a democracy it was a communist system

515

but in 1950s people worked really hard as well why

516

because china was destroyed after decades of war

517

and there were lots of opportunities for social mobility

518

if you worked hard you got promoted very quickly in the system so even though it was a communist system,

519

not a capitalist system, even though it was a command economy rather than democracy,

520

people worked really hard because they thought that by working hard they could improve their lives.

521

So social mobility is the best form of governance.

522

You don't need democracy.

523

You don't need any system.

524

As long as you have social mobility, people will be happy.

525

The problem, though, is that over time,

526

less than a generation, all positions of power are failed, okay?

527

So the people with talent who made the country great, who made the country wealthy, when they get into power,

528

they don't want people like them to replace them they want their children to replace them okay

529

and over time these children are a lot

530

so what happens is at the very top all the positions are filled and there's a waiting list as well so

531

if you are a poor person who is uh who works

532

hard really talented unfortunately all those positions at the top are filled already,

533

and there's also a waiting list, so too bad, okay?

534

And this is, and again, just look at Chinese history, right?

535

Look at Chinese history, where at the beginning of the dynasty, you had all these talented people take the civil entrance examination,

536

the keju, and these are really tall people, but then what happens is that they have children, and they teach their children how to do on a keju,

537

and then eventually they're They're like, you know what, we'll just cheat.

538

So they corrupt the keju, and then eventually, like, you know what, screw this.

539

Whoever can pay to pass the keju will pass the keju.

540

And then all the positions at the very top are filled.

541

There's no more social mobility, so what do people do?

542

They engage in revolution, right?

543

So you look at Hong Xiuquan, right?

544

He failed the keju, or there was no position at the top for him, so he started, so he believed he became the brother of Jesus, right?

545

And he started this revolution that claimed tens of millions of lives in China.

546

Why?

547

Because there was no social mobility for him.

548

50 years ago, prior, he would have been a civil servant.

549

Same thing for Mao Zedong, right?

550

By the time that Mao Zedong became a university student, the Koju had been eliminated.

551

So there's no way for him to climb the ladder anymore.

552

Therefore, he had to start engaging in new ideas.

553

Okay?

554

So you're absolutely right in that social mobility is the best way to maintain social harmony,

555

but people have children and they want the children to succeed

556

and they will arrange a system in a way

557

that only their children can succeed which screws over every other children every everyone else

558

and so they have no choice but to overflow the system okay or another thing this is game reset game reset

559

this is what a revolution is okay so another way another way of saying this is that

560

100 people are playing a game 10 people are winning

561

and they keep on winning and they can only win

562

so everyone else is like screw this game let's start a new game

563

and the 10 people are like nope we're happy playing this game they can't agree

564

so the united people can only do is a revolution

565

which allows for game reset which is now again allows for social mobility and that is the course of human history okay

566

either you um climb up the ladder

567

if they don't allow you to climb up the ladder then you should Just break the game.

568

But unfortunately, again, once you're in power, you want your children to inherit your power,

569

and so you will rig the game in a way that only your children can succeed.

570

That's why the schools are the way they are.

571

Schools for the rich are very different from schools for the poor, right?

572

Schools, for the rich, there's a lot of freedom, there's a lot of creativity, the teachers are very good.

573

You go to poor schools and it's the complete opposite.

574

And the reason why is the system is set up to make sure that certain people succeed and everyone else fails.

575

Okay?

576

Does that make sense, Alan?

577

Okay, great.

578

Any more questions, guys?

579

All right.

580

Good.

581

I'll see you guys next class, okay?

582

Thank you.

583

Thank you.

Descargar app

Todo lo que necesitas para hablar con fluidez

Pronunciación con IAEvalúa cada oración

Práctica de IPADomina cada sonido

VocabularioConstruye tu banco de palabras

Juego de vocabularioAprende mientras juegas

Escanea el QR

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

Mismo canal

Jiang Xueqin Teaching Gay Talese Research Method (Introduction)

Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults

Game Theory #1: The Dating Game

Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students

FOR YOU

Recomendar Video

36 oraciones

Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Este vídeo tiene 583 frases y 6643 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 52:56. El hablante mantiene un ritmo constante de unas 125 palabras por minuto, cómodo para el shadowing. El 88 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es fácil de seguir.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

15 palabras menos comunes del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:

mobility /mə(ʊ)ˈbɪlɪti/ (sustantivo) — movilidad. The ability to move; capacity for movement.
mindset /ˈmaɪn(d)ˌsɛt/ (sustantivo) — mentalidad, actitud. A way of thinking; an attitude or opinion, especially a habitual one.
resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/ (sustantivo) — resiliencia. The mental ability to recover quickly from depression, illness or misfortune.
slave /sleɪv/ (sustantivo) — esclavo, esclava. A person who is held in servitude as the property of another person, and whose labor (and often also whose body and life) is subject to the owner's volition…
outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ (sustantivo) — resultado. That which is produced or occurs as a result of an event or process.
negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/ (verbo) — negociar. To confer with others in order to come to terms or reach an agreement.
stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ (sustantivo) — establo, cuadra. A building, wing or dependency set apart and adapted for lodging and feeding (and training) ungulates, especially horses.
elite /ɪˈlit/ (sustantivo) — élite, elite. A special group or social class of people who have a superior social or economic status and attendant power, advantages, or privileges in society; a member of…
marry /ˈmæɹi/ (verbo) — casar, casarse. To enter into the conjugal or connubial state; to take a husband or a wife.
communist /ˈkɑ.mjə.nɪst/ (sustantivo) — comunista. An advocate of a society based on the common ownership of property; a proponent of communism.
stability /stəˈbɪlɪti/ (sustantivo) — estabilidad. The condition of being stable or in equilibrium, and thus resistant to change.
behave /bɪˈheɪv/ (verbo) — portarse. To conduct (oneself) well, or in a given way; to conform.
assessment /əˈsɛsmənt/ (sustantivo) — evaluación, expertización. The act of assessing or an amount (of tax, levy or duty etc) assessed.
climb /ˈklaɪ̯m/ (verbo) — escalar, subir. To traverse a slope or contour, either upwards (ascending) or downwards (descending).
slavery /ˈsleɪvəɹi/ (sustantivo) — esclavitud. An institution or social practice of owning human beings as property, especially for use as forced laborers.

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

look at (verbo) — mirar, funar. To observe or watch.
figure out (verbo) — averiguar, captar. To come to understand; to discover or find a solution; to deduce.
get into (verbo) — entrar en, entrar a. To move into (an object), such that one ends up inside it.
get up (verbo) — levantarse. To move in an upward direction; to ascend or climb.
think about /ˈθɪŋk əˌbaʊt/ (verbo) — pensar en, ocurrírsele. To ponder.
give up (verbo) — rendirse, entregar. To surrender (someone or something); to inform on (someone).
go away (verbo) — irse, marcharse. To depart or leave a place.
move on (verbo) — superarlo, seguir adelante. To continue; to proceed; to go on.

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

El hablante usa 152 contracciones y formas reducidas, como you're, don't, they're. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.

Los sonidos de “th”: wealthy /ˈwɛl.θi/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, athlete /ˈæθ.liːt/, authoritarian /əˌθɑ.ɹəˈtɛɹ.i.ən/
Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/, faction /ˈfæk.ʃən/, vacation /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/
Palabras largas — cuida el acento: mobility /mə(ʊ)ˈbɪlɪti/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, stability /stəˈbɪlɪti/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como mobility, mindset, resilience.

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

Estructura	En el vídeo
Oraciones condicionales if + oración, will/would + verbo — una condición y su resultado	if you do this, you'll succeed · if you're successful, you'll get · if your parents are poor you will not
Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora	we've done · we've tried · you've been raised
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace	are correlated · is respected · are exposed
Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa	people who succeed · students who can · students who resist

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →

Shadowing Practice: Game Theory #3: Rich Dad, Poor Dad - Learn English Speaking with Video

Elige un modo de práctica

Descargar app

Jiang Xueqin Teaching Gay Talese Research Method (Introduction)

Game Theory #1: The Dating Game

Why successful people set habits, not just goals | Wendy Wood

Game Theory Scene | 21(2008) | Now Playing

B2 DAY 2

Mindset: The Power of 'Not Yet'

The Poverty Trap

What Makes People Successful? | Angela Duckworth

Mark Manson: Self-control is a complete illusion

British Council Listening Practice A talk about motivation

The Advantage of Having A Mentor

Finance Expert: How You Talk About Money Matters Ft. Vivian Tu

RE2 Unit 11A

Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

Gramática en este vídeo

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?