Shadowing Practice: RE2 Unit 11A - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Track 21.
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Reading 11a.
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The Knowledge Illusion.
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A bat and a ball cost $1 .10 in total.
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The bat costs $1 more than the ball.
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How much does the ball cost?
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If you answer $0 .10, you're not alone.
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Most people give the same answer.
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The correct answer is $0 .05.
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It's an example of how we often rely on intuitive responses, answers we feel are true.
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People give answers that pop into their mind, says cognitive scientist Stephen Sloman.
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We don't spend much time reflecting and checking whether the answer is right or wrong.
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The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news.
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It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman, but the trick with fake news is to know to verify,
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in other words, to stop and question what you know.
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In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain.
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They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was.
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They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain.
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Most volunteers rated themselves one out of seven, meaning they did not understand the concept.
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The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery.
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This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works.
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When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of two.
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The scientists' confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding, Sloman says.
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According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion.
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This idea can be seen in many fields, including politics.
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If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is crooked, Sloman says, then you're going to start thinking that you understand too.
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Another explanation for the spread of fake news is motivated reasoning, writes Adam Waits, a management professor at the Kellogg School.
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We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions.
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If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you're more likely to trust damaging stories about them.
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Over time, Waits argues, motivated reasoning can lead to a false social consensus.
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So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves?
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I don't think it's possible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter, Sloman admits.
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It is just too human to believe what you're told.
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However, training people to care about fact -checking is important, he argues, especially in online communities.
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Think of the headlines and stories that are shared on your social media feed every day.
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Probably these fit in with your own worldview, but perhaps not all of them are true.
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Develop a norm in your community that says we should check things and not just take them at face value, Sloman says.
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Verify before you believe.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles is gebaseerd op de video “RE2 Unit 11A”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: Sloman, answer, volunteers, ball, verify. Deze video bevat 38 zinnen en 470 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 3:27. De spreker praat in een gelijkmatig tempo van ongeveer 136 woorden per minuut, prettig om te shadowen. 83% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| volunteer zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌvɑlənˈtɪɹ/ | vrijwilliger, vrijwilligster |
| scientist zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | wetenschapper, wetenschapster |
| argue werkwoord | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | redetwisten |
| discovery zelfstandig naamwoord | /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/ | ontdekking, vinding |
| motivate werkwoord | /ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/ | motiveren |
| naturally bijwoord | /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ | natuurlijk |
| explanation zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | verklaring, toelichting |
| confirm werkwoord | /kənˈfɝm/ | bevestigen |
| reflect werkwoord | /ɹɪˈflɛkt/ | weerkaatsen |
| experiment zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ | experiment, proef |
| rely werkwoord | /ɹɪˈlaɪ/ | rekenen op |
| encounter werkwoord | /ɪnˈkaʊntɚ/ | ontmoeten, stuiten op |
| rat zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɹæt/ | rat, bruine rat |
| politician zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/ | politicus, politica |
| cognitive bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/ | cognitief |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 6 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals you're, don't. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/, intuitive /ɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/, colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/, crooked /kɹʊkɪd/, intuitive /ɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/, mislead /mɪsˈliːd/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, rat /ɹæt/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/, cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/, colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Spreek zin voor zin na op normale snelheid en herhaal elke zin tot je ritme gelijk is aan dat van de spreker.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als volunteer, scientist, argue.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.