シャドーイング練習: High Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis made easy. - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

レッスンを作成中...
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High resolution melting
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or HRM is a very sensitive method to detect sequence variation
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in different samples up to a resolution of a single base pair without the need of sequencing.
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Here you see a wild type of DNA or a PCR product.
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After mutation you may get a homozygous mutant in
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which both the alleles are mutated or a heterozygous mutant in which a single allele is mutated.
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Now you want to check if mutation is there or not.
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HRM is based upon the principle of DNA dissociation with increase in temperature followed by detection by a fluorescent dye.
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The DNA denituration is based on the GC content.
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Higher the GC content, stronger will be the DNA bonds and higher will be the melting temperature to dissociate the two strands.
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In HRM, the detection is assisted by specific binding of a saturating fluorescent dye to the double-stranded DNA
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and measuring its fluorescence in real time on increasing the temperature gradually.
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For HRM, you need to PCR amplify your target gene locus to obtain a specific amplicon.
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Smaller the size of amplicon, better the results will be.
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Then you add a saturating fluorescent dye
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that binds to the dna only in the double stranded form
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then you proceed for hrm analysis in a real time machine here you gradually increase the temperature
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and fluorescence is measured simultaneously the plot shows fluorescence in the y-axis and temperature on the x-axis
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3 different curves are obtained for wild, homozygous and heterozygous mutant.
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Here you see as homozygous mutant had a GC mutation as seen in the previous slide its TM is higher.
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So the curve shifts towards the right.
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Heterozygous mutant on the other hand have a mutation in only one strand.
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So it has a base mismatch and hence the TM is reduced and the curve shifts towards the left.
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method is so sensitive that it detects the variation in the melting temperature up to 0.2 degree Celsius.
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HRM being a simple, economic, rapid and precise method of DNA variant detection, it can be used for mutant identification,
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SNP genotyping, DNA methylation by bisulfide sequencing, DNA fingerprinting and so on.
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This video has been made on a special request by Ms. Sahily Russell.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が27文、単語が373語あります。 音声の長さは2:30です。 話す速さは1分あたり約149語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は66%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語発音意味
mutant 名詞/ˈmju(t)n̩(t)/突然変異体
mutation 名詞/mjuˈteɪʃən/変異, 突然変異
sequence 名詞/ˈsiː.kwəns/順序
curve 名詞/kɚv/曲線
melt 動詞/mɛlt/溶ける, 溶かす
sensitive 形容詞/ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/敏感な
obtain 動詞/əbˈteɪn/手に入れる, 取得する
gradually 副詞/ˈɡɹæd͡ʒuəli/段々と, 徐々に
variation 名詞/ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/変動, 変化
detect 動詞/dɪˈtɛkt/検出する, 見付ける
axis 名詞/ˈæksɪs/軸
assist 動詞/əˈsɪst/手伝う
hence 副詞/ˈhɛns/ここから
rapid 形容詞/ˈɹæp.ɪd/速い, 急な
gene 名詞/d͡ʒiːn/遺伝子

注意したい発音

  • 「sh」と「zh」の音: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, detection /dɪˈtɛk.ʃən/, variation /ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/, identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, dissociate /dɪˈsoʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
  • 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, simultaneously /ˌsaɪmlˈteɪnɪəsli/, homozygous /ˌhəʊməʊˈzaɪɡəs/, dissociate /dɪˈsoʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, dissociation /dɪˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃən/

この動画での練習方法

  1. まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
  2. 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
  3. 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。mutant, mutation, sequenceなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →