シャドーイング練習: How to design streets for everyone (Universal Design) - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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124 文
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This video is sponsored by Brilliant.
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As someone not living with a disability, it's pretty easy for me to get around city streets, even with ones with less than stellar pedestrian infrastructure.
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But put a stroller in my hands
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and an otherwise uneventful walk becomes an exercise in frustration as I have to navigate these tall curbs.
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All of a sudden, I'm having to use driveways as curb ramps to avoid getting the kid up
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and down the curb every time.
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The truth is not all pedestrian infrastructure is created equal.
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In fact, some of it's so annoying, it's like a toddler who just learned how to say no. Do you want to ride in the stroller?
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Yeah.
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Can you please ride in the stroller?
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Now, the obvious solution in my case would be to install curb ramps so people pushing strollers, people in wheelchairs or motorized scooters,
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or people who can't make that step can cross the street safely.
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But curb ramps won't solve every problem out there.
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Is it possible to design the perfect street?
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One where all users can feel comfortable and navigate it without safety concerns?
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This is the goal of universal design and we'll learn about it more after the bike bell.
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Now I started this video talking about my experiences pushing a stroller
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because one of the key tenets of universal design is that when you make these changes it's great for everyone,
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not just for people who you think of as having traditional disabilities.
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This isn't just a discussion aimed at improving the lives of the 1 .3 billion blind
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or low vision people in the world, or the 75 million who need a wheelchair, or the nearly 500 million people with a hearing disability.
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It's for everyone because we will all likely have experiences that will make us need a better design pedestrian network.
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Maybe you'll push a stroller like me one day, or break a leg, or get old.
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In the bad old days, universal design was not a consideration in many cities.
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In 1990, the Americans with Disability Act passed
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Congress and was signed by President Bush.
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It aimed to change that.
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Broadly speaking, it prohibits discrimination based on disability, particularly in the workplace.
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But Title II of the Act focuses on public entities.
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It requires public transportation and public spaces to accommodate people with disabilities. Since 1992, the federal government has published the ADA Standards for Accessible Design
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to help communities know how to design streets for people with disabilities.
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Other Other organizations have also published best practices for universal design, and these techniques and pieces of infrastructure continue to evolve and improve.
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So what are some of the best practices in universal design?
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Let's start with a simple city street.
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Sidewalks are the obvious piece of infrastructure here.
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How wide should they be?
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At minimum, suburban residential sidewalks should be 5 feet or 1 .5 meters wide,
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and downtown sidewalks should be at least 14 feet or 4 .2 meters wide.
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The wider the better is the rule of thumb to better accommodate users of all abilities and needs.
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For example, 7 or 8 feet of width is needed to accommodate two people signing a conversation while walking.
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Wider sidewalks also allow for people to move more slowly while faster walkers can pass by comfortably.
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Good streets also have places to sit.
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Everyone has experienced a moment on a walk where a bench would be really nice.
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Maybe you need to tie your shoe, take a rest, or do some people watching.
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Ideally, these places to sit would have arms to help people sit
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and stand more easily and have shade to protect them from the elements.
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Streets can be loud and busy and full of stimulus.
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It's important to have the occasional small, quiet, and closed area for stimulus -sensitive folks, such as neurodivergent people.
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It helps them take a break.
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Street trees and groups of benches can give people that respite.
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Lighting is critically important for most people, especially for those scared of the dark work.
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More seriously, lighting can help people with low vision see where they are going and help deaf people sign clearly.
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This is a classic universal design example because while those with disabilities benefit, so too does basically everyone else.
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If you want a further discussion of street design, go check out a new video at PBS Terra.
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They profiled Atlanta, a place where there are not as many universal design streets as there needs to be.
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As a bonus, I make a cameo talking about how to design a car -centric street.
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I'll leave a link in the description.
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Okay, with streets covered, let's cross over to intersections.
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Intersections are one of the most dangerous areas in a city for people of all abilities
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because they're the primary conflict point between pedestrians and cars.
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People with disabilities are at an even greater risk.
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I've left links in the description of videos of blind people navigating intersections.
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It makes me so nervous just to watch them.
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How can intersections be made safer for everyone, especially those who cannot always see what they're stepping out into?
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Let's start simply and get more intensive as we go.
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First, you could add curb cuts, also called curb ramps.
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They help people make the transition from sidewalk height to road height and back again.
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But not all curb ramps are created equal.
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Diagonal curb ramps are better than nothing, but ejecting pedestrians directly into the center of the intersection isn't super safe.
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Perpendicular curb ramps are far superior as they point pedestrians in the correct direction.
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Detectable warning surfaces are not required in most cases, but can offer another piece of tactile feedback.
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Now that we have pedestrians easing out into the intersection using a ramp, the next thing we can do for them is to reduce crossing distances.
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This can happen using curb extensions, sometimes called bulb outs.
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They really only work where there are parking lanes because they take
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that space and reduce the crossing distance to just the car travel lanes.
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Everyone benefits from this, but in particular it helps people who need longer to cross an intersection.
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Curb extensions are also great because they prevent cars from parking too close to the crosswalk, improving visibility.
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And narrowing the intersection can naturally slow down cars, improving safety for everyone.
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What about space in between the curb extensions?
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Crosswalks.
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Regular old crosswalks help drivers see the shared space in intersections, but they don't do much else.
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Raised crosswalks take crosswalks to the next level.
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They eliminate the need for curb ramps entirely, slow traffic, and make it crystal clear to everyone, particularly blind pedestrians, where the crosswalk is.
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Cities can take this concept even further and raise the entire intersection.
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This signals to drivers that they are intruding on a pedestrian realm.
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It sort of reverses the balance of power in an intersection.
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Typically, pedestrians have to sink to the level of cars to pass through, but a raised intersection forces cars to slow down to pedestrian -friendly speeds.
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Finally, we can't forget about the traffic signals.
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Pedestrian countdowns are recommended to help people judge the time they have to cross.
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For blind pedestrians, audible walk indicators help them know when it's time to get moving across the intersection.
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There are a variety of sounds used in the U .S., but the recommendation is a rapid tick sound.
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Speech walk indicators can be used where it's otherwise unclear about which street's walk sign is on.
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The push button to activate the walk sign must have a raised directional arrow
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so blind pedestrians can feel the direction of the crosswalk.
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The tactile arrow should vibrate to help blind and deaf pedestrians know when it is time to cross.
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One common thread that connects these changes, both on streets and in intersections, is that they are in response to cars.
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It's no secret that they're noisy, fast, and take up a lot of space.
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They make it harder for everyone to be a pedestrian.
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Cars are sort of the universal foil to universal design.
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And some streets go beyond what we've talked about so far to eliminate the car.
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Of course, they can be removed entirely, and I've made a video or two about that scenario.
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But shared street concepts like the Dutch Woonerf prioritize people over cars and can be safer for people of all abilities.
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Cars aren't eliminated, but are made to feel like guests in a space designed at a human scale.
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Now it's probably impossible to design the perfect street, even if you follow all the advice in this video.
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But all streets can be made better.
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Better for people in wheelchairs, better for people on the autism spectrum, better for people with hearing disabilities.
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And certainly better for people like me who push a stroller on a daily basis.
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When we design streets for everyone, everyone wins.
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A lot of what we talked about in this video is in the realm of civil and traffic engineering.
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If you're someone who loves engineering and problem solving, then you're going to love the challenges over at Brilliant.
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They have these weirdly addicting courses on topics like engineering, logic, math, and scientific principles.
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They can help you level up your critical thinking and observation skills and make you better observers of the urban environment.
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And they have this great daily challenge feature so you can learn wherever you are.
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Each daily challenge provides you with the context and framework
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that you need to tackle it so that you'll learn the concepts by applying them.
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And if you choose the wrong answer to the challenge, like I did right here,
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there's a really handy explanation that tells you how to get to the correct answer.
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This is the kind of thing you can do during your commute on transit
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or even during a walk on a universal design sidewalk.
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To take your problem solving and observation skills to the next level and learn more about Brilliant,
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go to brilliant .org slash city beautiful and sign up for free.
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And also the first 200 people that go to the link will get 20 % off the annual premium subscription.
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So go check it out.
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Thank you.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「How to design streets for everyone」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：pedestrian, design, intersection, curb, universal。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が39文、単語が1704語あります。 音声の長さは9:11です。 話す速さは速く、1分あたり約186語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は81%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。 全39文のうち9文が疑問文なので、疑問文のイントネーションや短い受け答えの練習に向いています。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| pedestrian 名詞 | /pəˈdɛstɹiən/ | 歩行者 |
| intersection 名詞 | /ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/ | 交差点 |
| curb 名詞 | /kɝb/ | 縁石 |
| universal 形容詞 | /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/ | 宇宙の |
| disability 名詞 | /dɪsəˈbɪlɪti/ | 障害 |
| sidewalk 名詞 | /ˈsaɪdwɔk/ | 歩道, 舗道 |
| infrastructure 名詞 | /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/ | インフラストラクチャ, インフラ |
| extension 名詞 | /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/ | 拡張, 拡大 |
| solve 動詞 | /sɒlv/ | 解決する |
| eliminate 動詞 | /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/ | 除去する |
| accommodate 動詞 | /əˈkɑməˌdeɪt/ | 収容する |
| wheelchair 名詞 | /ˈ(h)wilt͡ʃɛɹ/ | 車椅子, ホイールチェア |
| bench 名詞 | /ˈbɛnt͡ʃ/ | ベンチ |
| arrow 名詞 | /ˈæɹəʊ/ | 矢 |
| observation 名詞 | /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/ | 観察 |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| check out 動詞 | 試験する, 検査する |
| slow down 動詞 | 遅らせる |
繰り返し練習したい文
動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。
- Let's start with a simple city street.
- I'll leave a link in the description.
- Finally we can't forget about the traffic signals.
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | is sponsored · is created · was signed |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | has published · have also published · has experienced |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | people who can · people who you · those who cannot |
注意したい発音
話し手はthey're, can't, I'veなど、短縮形や弱形を21回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: thread /ˈθɹɛd/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, width /ˈwɪtθ/, thumb /ˈθʌm/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: intersection /ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/, extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: intersection /ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, disability /dɪsəˈbɪlɪti/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, wheelchair /ˈ(h)wilt͡ʃɛɹ/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, crystal /ˈkɹɪstəl/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, solve /sɒlv/, navigate /ˈnæv.ɪ.ɡeɪt/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, sensitive /ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, deaf /diːf/, feedback /ˈfiːdˌbæk/, framework /ˈfɹeɪm.wɜːk/, folk /foʊk/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。pedestrian, intersection, curbなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。