ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: How to design streets for everyone (Universal Design)
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124 ประโยค
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This video is sponsored by Brilliant.
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As someone not living with a disability, it's pretty easy for me to get around city streets, even with ones with less than stellar pedestrian infrastructure.
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But put a stroller in my hands
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and an otherwise uneventful walk becomes an exercise in frustration as I have to navigate these tall curbs.
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All of a sudden, I'm having to use driveways as curb ramps to avoid getting the kid up
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and down the curb every time.
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The truth is not all pedestrian infrastructure is created equal.
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In fact, some of it's so annoying, it's like a toddler who just learned how to say no. Do you want to ride in the stroller?
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Yeah.
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Can you please ride in the stroller?
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Now, the obvious solution in my case would be to install curb ramps so people pushing strollers, people in wheelchairs or motorized scooters,
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or people who can't make that step can cross the street safely.
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But curb ramps won't solve every problem out there.
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Is it possible to design the perfect street?
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One where all users can feel comfortable and navigate it without safety concerns?
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This is the goal of universal design and we'll learn about it more after the bike bell.
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Now I started this video talking about my experiences pushing a stroller
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because one of the key tenets of universal design is that when you make these changes it's great for everyone,
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not just for people who you think of as having traditional disabilities.
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This isn't just a discussion aimed at improving the lives of the 1 .3 billion blind
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or low vision people in the world, or the 75 million who need a wheelchair, or the nearly 500 million people with a hearing disability.
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It's for everyone because we will all likely have experiences that will make us need a better design pedestrian network.
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Maybe you'll push a stroller like me one day, or break a leg, or get old.
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In the bad old days, universal design was not a consideration in many cities.
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In 1990, the Americans with Disability Act passed
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Congress and was signed by President Bush.
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It aimed to change that.
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Broadly speaking, it prohibits discrimination based on disability, particularly in the workplace.
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But Title II of the Act focuses on public entities.
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It requires public transportation and public spaces to accommodate people with disabilities. Since 1992, the federal government has published the ADA Standards for Accessible Design
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to help communities know how to design streets for people with disabilities.
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Other Other organizations have also published best practices for universal design, and these techniques and pieces of infrastructure continue to evolve and improve.
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So what are some of the best practices in universal design?
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Let's start with a simple city street.
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Sidewalks are the obvious piece of infrastructure here.
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How wide should they be?
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At minimum, suburban residential sidewalks should be 5 feet or 1 .5 meters wide,
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and downtown sidewalks should be at least 14 feet or 4 .2 meters wide.
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The wider the better is the rule of thumb to better accommodate users of all abilities and needs.
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For example, 7 or 8 feet of width is needed to accommodate two people signing a conversation while walking.
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Wider sidewalks also allow for people to move more slowly while faster walkers can pass by comfortably.
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Good streets also have places to sit.
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Everyone has experienced a moment on a walk where a bench would be really nice.
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Maybe you need to tie your shoe, take a rest, or do some people watching.
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Ideally, these places to sit would have arms to help people sit
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and stand more easily and have shade to protect them from the elements.
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Streets can be loud and busy and full of stimulus.
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It's important to have the occasional small, quiet, and closed area for stimulus -sensitive folks, such as neurodivergent people.
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It helps them take a break.
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Street trees and groups of benches can give people that respite.
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Lighting is critically important for most people, especially for those scared of the dark work.
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More seriously, lighting can help people with low vision see where they are going and help deaf people sign clearly.
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This is a classic universal design example because while those with disabilities benefit, so too does basically everyone else.
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If you want a further discussion of street design, go check out a new video at PBS Terra.
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They profiled Atlanta, a place where there are not as many universal design streets as there needs to be.
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As a bonus, I make a cameo talking about how to design a car -centric street.
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I'll leave a link in the description.
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Okay, with streets covered, let's cross over to intersections.
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Intersections are one of the most dangerous areas in a city for people of all abilities
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because they're the primary conflict point between pedestrians and cars.
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People with disabilities are at an even greater risk.
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I've left links in the description of videos of blind people navigating intersections.
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It makes me so nervous just to watch them.
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How can intersections be made safer for everyone, especially those who cannot always see what they're stepping out into?
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Let's start simply and get more intensive as we go.
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First, you could add curb cuts, also called curb ramps.
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They help people make the transition from sidewalk height to road height and back again.
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But not all curb ramps are created equal.
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Diagonal curb ramps are better than nothing, but ejecting pedestrians directly into the center of the intersection isn't super safe.
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Perpendicular curb ramps are far superior as they point pedestrians in the correct direction.
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Detectable warning surfaces are not required in most cases, but can offer another piece of tactile feedback.
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Now that we have pedestrians easing out into the intersection using a ramp, the next thing we can do for them is to reduce crossing distances.
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This can happen using curb extensions, sometimes called bulb outs.
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They really only work where there are parking lanes because they take
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that space and reduce the crossing distance to just the car travel lanes.
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Everyone benefits from this, but in particular it helps people who need longer to cross an intersection.
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Curb extensions are also great because they prevent cars from parking too close to the crosswalk, improving visibility.
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And narrowing the intersection can naturally slow down cars, improving safety for everyone.
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What about space in between the curb extensions?
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Crosswalks.
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Regular old crosswalks help drivers see the shared space in intersections, but they don't do much else.
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Raised crosswalks take crosswalks to the next level.
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They eliminate the need for curb ramps entirely, slow traffic, and make it crystal clear to everyone, particularly blind pedestrians, where the crosswalk is.
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Cities can take this concept even further and raise the entire intersection.
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This signals to drivers that they are intruding on a pedestrian realm.
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It sort of reverses the balance of power in an intersection.
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Typically, pedestrians have to sink to the level of cars to pass through, but a raised intersection forces cars to slow down to pedestrian -friendly speeds.
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Finally, we can't forget about the traffic signals.
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Pedestrian countdowns are recommended to help people judge the time they have to cross.
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For blind pedestrians, audible walk indicators help them know when it's time to get moving across the intersection.
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There are a variety of sounds used in the U .S., but the recommendation is a rapid tick sound.
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Speech walk indicators can be used where it's otherwise unclear about which street's walk sign is on.
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The push button to activate the walk sign must have a raised directional arrow
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so blind pedestrians can feel the direction of the crosswalk.
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The tactile arrow should vibrate to help blind and deaf pedestrians know when it is time to cross.
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One common thread that connects these changes, both on streets and in intersections, is that they are in response to cars.
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It's no secret that they're noisy, fast, and take up a lot of space.
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They make it harder for everyone to be a pedestrian.
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Cars are sort of the universal foil to universal design.
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And some streets go beyond what we've talked about so far to eliminate the car.
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Of course, they can be removed entirely, and I've made a video or two about that scenario.
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But shared street concepts like the Dutch Woonerf prioritize people over cars and can be safer for people of all abilities.
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Cars aren't eliminated, but are made to feel like guests in a space designed at a human scale.
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Now it's probably impossible to design the perfect street, even if you follow all the advice in this video.
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But all streets can be made better.
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Better for people in wheelchairs, better for people on the autism spectrum, better for people with hearing disabilities.
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And certainly better for people like me who push a stroller on a daily basis.
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When we design streets for everyone, everyone wins.
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A lot of what we talked about in this video is in the realm of civil and traffic engineering.
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If you're someone who loves engineering and problem solving, then you're going to love the challenges over at Brilliant.
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They have these weirdly addicting courses on topics like engineering, logic, math, and scientific principles.
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They can help you level up your critical thinking and observation skills and make you better observers of the urban environment.
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And they have this great daily challenge feature so you can learn wherever you are.
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Each daily challenge provides you with the context and framework
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that you need to tackle it so that you'll learn the concepts by applying them.
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And if you choose the wrong answer to the challenge, like I did right here,
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there's a really handy explanation that tells you how to get to the correct answer.
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This is the kind of thing you can do during your commute on transit
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or even during a walk on a universal design sidewalk.
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To take your problem solving and observation skills to the next level and learn more about Brilliant,
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go to brilliant .org slash city beautiful and sign up for free.
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And also the first 200 people that go to the link will get 20 % off the annual premium subscription.
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So go check it out.
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Thank you.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “How to design streets for everyone” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: pedestrian, design, intersection, curb, universal วิดีโอนี้มี 39 ประโยค และ 1704 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 9:11 ผู้พูดพูดเร็ว ประมาณ 186 คำต่อนาที จึงมีการเชื่อมเสียงและลดเสียงค่อนข้างมาก มีเพียง 81% ของคำที่อยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ คำศัพท์จึงค่อนข้างยาก จากทั้งหมด 39 ประโยค มี 9 ประโยคเป็นคำถาม จึงเหมาะสำหรับฝึกน้ำเสียงประโยคคำถามและการตอบสั้น ๆ
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| pedestrian คำนาม | /pəˈdɛstɹiən/ | คนเดินเท้า, ผู้เดินเท้า |
| intersection คำนาม | /ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/ | สี่แยก, ทางแยก |
| universal คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/ | จักรวาล |
| disability คำนาม | /dɪsəˈbɪlɪti/ | ความพิการ |
| sidewalk คำนาม | /ˈsaɪdwɔk/ | ทางเท้า, บาทวิถี |
| infrastructure คำนาม | /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/ | โครงสร้างพื้นฐาน |
| solve คำกริยา | /sɒlv/ | แก้, แก้ไข |
| bench คำนาม | /ˈbɛnt͡ʃ/ | ม้า, ม้านั่ง |
| arrow คำนาม | /ˈæɹəʊ/ | ลูกศร, ศร |
| observation คำนาม | /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/ | การสังเกต |
| meter คำนาม | /ˈmitəɹ/ | มิเตอร์ |
| deaf คำคุณศัพท์ | /diːf/ | หูหนวก |
| topic คำนาม | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | หัวข้อ, กระทู้ |
| technique คำนาม | /tɛkˈniːk/ | เทคนิค, กลเม็ด |
| bonus คำนาม | /ˈbəʊ.nəs/ | โบนัส |
ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ
ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:
- Let's start with a simple city street.
- I'll leave a link in the description.
- Finally we can't forget about the traffic signals.
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | is sponsored · is created · was signed |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | has published · have also published · has experienced |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | people who can · people who you · those who cannot |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 21 ครั้ง เช่น they're, can't, I've ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “th”: thread /ˈθɹɛd/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, width /ˈwɪtθ/, thumb /ˈθʌm/
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: intersection /ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/, extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: intersection /ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, disability /dɪsəˈbɪlɪti/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, solve /sɒlv/, bench /ˈbɛnt͡ʃ/, deaf /diːf/, lanes /leɪnz/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, solve /sɒlv/, navigate /ˈnæv.ɪ.ɡeɪt/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, sensitive /ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, lanes /leɪnz/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, ease /iz/, residential /ˌrɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง pedestrian, intersection, universal เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ