Практика Shadowing: How to design streets for everyone (Universal Design) - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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This video is sponsored by Brilliant.

As someone not living with a disability, it's pretty easy for me to get around city streets, even with ones with less than stellar pedestrian infrastructure.

But put a stroller in my hands

and an otherwise uneventful walk becomes an exercise in frustration as I have to navigate these tall curbs.

All of a sudden, I'm having to use driveways as curb ramps to avoid getting the kid up

and down the curb every time.

The truth is not all pedestrian infrastructure is created equal.

In fact, some of it's so annoying, it's like a toddler who just learned how to say no. Do you want to ride in the stroller?

Yeah.

Can you please ride in the stroller?

Now, the obvious solution in my case would be to install curb ramps so people pushing strollers, people in wheelchairs or motorized scooters,

or people who can't make that step can cross the street safely.

But curb ramps won't solve every problem out there.

Is it possible to design the perfect street?

One where all users can feel comfortable and navigate it without safety concerns?

This is the goal of universal design and we'll learn about it more after the bike bell.

Now I started this video talking about my experiences pushing a stroller

because one of the key tenets of universal design is that when you make these changes it's great for everyone,

not just for people who you think of as having traditional disabilities.

This isn't just a discussion aimed at improving the lives of the 1 .3 billion blind

or low vision people in the world, or the 75 million who need a wheelchair, or the nearly 500 million people with a hearing disability.

It's for everyone because we will all likely have experiences that will make us need a better design pedestrian network.

Maybe you'll push a stroller like me one day, or break a leg, or get old.

In the bad old days, universal design was not a consideration in many cities.

In 1990, the Americans with Disability Act passed

Congress and was signed by President Bush.

It aimed to change that.

Broadly speaking, it prohibits discrimination based on disability, particularly in the workplace.

But Title II of the Act focuses on public entities.

It requires public transportation and public spaces to accommodate people with disabilities. Since 1992, the federal government has published the ADA Standards for Accessible Design

to help communities know how to design streets for people with disabilities.

Other Other organizations have also published best practices for universal design, and these techniques and pieces of infrastructure continue to evolve and improve.

So what are some of the best practices in universal design?

Let's start with a simple city street.

Sidewalks are the obvious piece of infrastructure here.

How wide should they be?

At minimum, suburban residential sidewalks should be 5 feet or 1 .5 meters wide,

and downtown sidewalks should be at least 14 feet or 4 .2 meters wide.

The wider the better is the rule of thumb to better accommodate users of all abilities and needs.

For example, 7 or 8 feet of width is needed to accommodate two people signing a conversation while walking.

Wider sidewalks also allow for people to move more slowly while faster walkers can pass by comfortably.

Good streets also have places to sit.

Everyone has experienced a moment on a walk where a bench would be really nice.

Maybe you need to tie your shoe, take a rest, or do some people watching.

Ideally, these places to sit would have arms to help people sit

and stand more easily and have shade to protect them from the elements.

Streets can be loud and busy and full of stimulus.

It's important to have the occasional small, quiet, and closed area for stimulus -sensitive folks, such as neurodivergent people.

It helps them take a break.

Street trees and groups of benches can give people that respite.

Lighting is critically important for most people, especially for those scared of the dark work.

More seriously, lighting can help people with low vision see where they are going and help deaf people sign clearly.

This is a classic universal design example because while those with disabilities benefit, so too does basically everyone else.

If you want a further discussion of street design, go check out a new video at PBS Terra.

They profiled Atlanta, a place where there are not as many universal design streets as there needs to be.

As a bonus, I make a cameo talking about how to design a car -centric street.

I'll leave a link in the description.

Okay, with streets covered, let's cross over to intersections.

Intersections are one of the most dangerous areas in a city for people of all abilities

because they're the primary conflict point between pedestrians and cars.

People with disabilities are at an even greater risk.

I've left links in the description of videos of blind people navigating intersections.

It makes me so nervous just to watch them.

How can intersections be made safer for everyone, especially those who cannot always see what they're stepping out into?

Let's start simply and get more intensive as we go.

First, you could add curb cuts, also called curb ramps.

They help people make the transition from sidewalk height to road height and back again.

But not all curb ramps are created equal.

Diagonal curb ramps are better than nothing, but ejecting pedestrians directly into the center of the intersection isn't super safe.

Perpendicular curb ramps are far superior as they point pedestrians in the correct direction.

Detectable warning surfaces are not required in most cases, but can offer another piece of tactile feedback.

Now that we have pedestrians easing out into the intersection using a ramp, the next thing we can do for them is to reduce crossing distances.

This can happen using curb extensions, sometimes called bulb outs.

They really only work where there are parking lanes because they take

that space and reduce the crossing distance to just the car travel lanes.

Everyone benefits from this, but in particular it helps people who need longer to cross an intersection.

Curb extensions are also great because they prevent cars from parking too close to the crosswalk, improving visibility.

And narrowing the intersection can naturally slow down cars, improving safety for everyone.

What about space in between the curb extensions?

Crosswalks.

Regular old crosswalks help drivers see the shared space in intersections, but they don't do much else.

Raised crosswalks take crosswalks to the next level.

They eliminate the need for curb ramps entirely, slow traffic, and make it crystal clear to everyone, particularly blind pedestrians, where the crosswalk is.

Cities can take this concept even further and raise the entire intersection.

This signals to drivers that they are intruding on a pedestrian realm.

It sort of reverses the balance of power in an intersection.

Typically, pedestrians have to sink to the level of cars to pass through, but a raised intersection forces cars to slow down to pedestrian -friendly speeds.

Finally, we can't forget about the traffic signals.

Pedestrian countdowns are recommended to help people judge the time they have to cross.

For blind pedestrians, audible walk indicators help them know when it's time to get moving across the intersection.

There are a variety of sounds used in the U .S., but the recommendation is a rapid tick sound.

Speech walk indicators can be used where it's otherwise unclear about which street's walk sign is on.

The push button to activate the walk sign must have a raised directional arrow

so blind pedestrians can feel the direction of the crosswalk.

The tactile arrow should vibrate to help blind and deaf pedestrians know when it is time to cross.

One common thread that connects these changes, both on streets and in intersections, is that they are in response to cars.

It's no secret that they're noisy, fast, and take up a lot of space.

They make it harder for everyone to be a pedestrian.

Cars are sort of the universal foil to universal design.

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And some streets go beyond what we've talked about so far to eliminate the car.

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Of course, they can be removed entirely, and I've made a video or two about that scenario.

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But shared street concepts like the Dutch Woonerf prioritize people over cars and can be safer for people of all abilities.

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Cars aren't eliminated, but are made to feel like guests in a space designed at a human scale.

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Now it's probably impossible to design the perfect street, even if you follow all the advice in this video.

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But all streets can be made better.

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Better for people in wheelchairs, better for people on the autism spectrum, better for people with hearing disabilities.

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And certainly better for people like me who push a stroller on a daily basis.

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When we design streets for everyone, everyone wins.

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A lot of what we talked about in this video is in the realm of civil and traffic engineering.

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If you're someone who loves engineering and problem solving, then you're going to love the challenges over at Brilliant.

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They have these weirdly addicting courses on topics like engineering, logic, math, and scientific principles.

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They can help you level up your critical thinking and observation skills and make you better observers of the urban environment.

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And they have this great daily challenge feature so you can learn wherever you are.

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Each daily challenge provides you with the context and framework

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that you need to tackle it so that you'll learn the concepts by applying them.

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And if you choose the wrong answer to the challenge, like I did right here,

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there's a really handy explanation that tells you how to get to the correct answer.

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This is the kind of thing you can do during your commute on transit

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or even during a walk on a universal design sidewalk.

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To take your problem solving and observation skills to the next level and learn more about Brilliant,

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go to brilliant .org slash city beautiful and sign up for free.

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And also the first 200 people that go to the link will get 20 % off the annual premium subscription.

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So go check it out.

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Thank you.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «How to design streets for everyone». Чаще всего повторяются слова: pedestrian, design, intersection, curb, universal. В этом видео 39 предложений и 1704 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 9:11. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 186 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. Только 81% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная. Вопросов здесь 9 из 39 предложений, так что это хорошая тренировка вопросительной интонации и коротких ответов.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
pedestrian существительное	/pəˈdɛstɹiən/	пешехо́д, пешехо́дка
intersection существительное	/ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/	перекрёсток
curb существительное	/kɝb/	бордю́р, поре́брик
universal прилагательное	/ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/	вселе́нский, косми́ческий
sidewalk существительное	/ˈsaɪdwɔk/	тротуа́р, мостова́я
infrastructure существительное	/ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/	инфраструкту́ра
extension существительное	/ɪkˈstɛnʃən/	расшире́ние, продле́ние
solve глагол	/sɒlv/	реша́ть, реши́ть
eliminate глагол	/ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/	ликвиди́ровать
accommodate глагол	/əˈkɑməˌdeɪt/	приспоса́бливать, приспосо́бить
wheelchair существительное	/ˈ(h)wilt͡ʃɛɹ/	кре́сло-ката́лка, инвали́дное кре́сло
bench существительное	/ˈbɛnt͡ʃ/	скаме́йка, скамья́
arrow существительное	/ˈæɹəʊ/	стрела́
observation существительное	/ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/	наблюде́ние
meter существительное	/ˈmitəɹ/	счётчик, измери́тель

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Значение
check out глагол	проверя́ть, прове́рить
slow down глагол	замедля́ть, заме́длить
take up глагол	поднимать

Фразы, которые стоит повторять

Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:

Let's start with a simple city street.
I'll leave a link in the description.
Finally we can't forget about the traffic signals.

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	is sponsored · is created · was signed
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	has published · have also published · has experienced
Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете	people who can · people who you · those who cannot

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 21 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например they're, can't, I've. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «th»: thread /ˈθɹɛd/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, width /ˈwɪtθ/, thumb /ˈθʌm/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: intersection /ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/, extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: intersection /ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, disability /dɪsəˈbɪlɪti/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: sidewalk /ˈsaɪdwɔk/, wheelchair /ˈ(h)wilt͡ʃɛɹ/, walker /ˈwɔkɚ/, framework /ˈfɹeɪm.wɜːk/, wherever /(h)wɛɹˈɛvɚ/
/h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: wheelchair /ˈ(h)wilt͡ʃɛɹ/, wherever /(h)wɛɹˈɛvɚ/, prohibit /pɹəˈhɪbɪt/
Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: curb /kɝb/, solve /sɒlv/, lanes /leɪnz/, sensitive /ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/, thread /ˈθɹɛd/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как pedestrian, intersection, curb.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

Практика Shadowing: How to design streets for everyone (Universal Design) - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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