シャドーイング練習: The Great A.I. Debate: Should We Fear the Digital Revolution? [2015] | Intelligence Squared - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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So I've got some good and bad news

and since we're in England we'll start with the good news because we always need to end with the bad news.

The good news from your point of view and of course I'm arguing

that we should be scared but there's one thing we shouldn't be scared of.

We don't need to fear that in 20 or 30

or even 50 years we will become as human beings indistinguishable

from computers in other words in 50 years we could all

be here it could be like a science fiction movie

and we won't know whether you're sitting next to a computer

or not so that's the good news you don't have to worry about singularity

but that doesn't mean we should not be fearful of robots

that doesn't mean that we have a lot to be scared about just

because we're not about to become indistinguishable from robots doesn't mean they're about to take away our livelihood

and I'm guessing that many of you are lawyers

or doctors journalists people trained in a field you probably went

to university you spent years acquiring your intelligence your skill your intellect

and you sell

that skill as a teacher as a doctor as an accountant

as a lawyer your value in the economy is based on that expertise

and it is you I'm afraid who have the most to fear from this great revolution the digital revolution

which one set of economists call our second machine age

because this is as profound as earth shaking as culturally socially

and above all else economically profound as the first Industrial Revolution of the 19th century.

What we're on the brink of is a world of increasingly intense, sophisticated, artificial intelligence.

In Silicon Valley, where I'm from, we call it the machine learning revolution.

It's the revolution of algorithms, not the traditional science fiction, old -fashioned HG Wells notion,

Doctor Who, of the robot trundling along the street, the Dalek get

that image out of your mind think of the algorithm think

of the self -driving car think of Google think of these incredible new technologies

which are coming out of Silicon Valley

which are essentially replacing human labor skilled human labor

because here's the paradox it's really hard for computers to replicate

what seems to us to be simple tasks simple tasks like

doing the garden the washing up cooking cutting someone's hair

but on the other hand

and here is the dark scary horrific element to the new

world we're about to enter it's not difficult to do what seems to us at least to be the difficult things.

The bad news, and this is really bad news for most of you, and especially for your kids because they are trying to follow in your footsteps,

is that this world is about to be swept away by the digital revolution.

Machines will learn how to diagnose diseases.

What does that say for all doctors around the world?

We already have software now that grades essays.

What becomes of school teachers, what becomes of university teachers.

Two researchers at Oxford University have argued

that over the next 10 years 47 % of our jobs will become irrelevant

and those 47 % I'm afraid for you guys are your kind of jobs.

And it's not just skilled labor, it's not just the professional class, it's not just those people who have been fortunate

or unfortunate enough to go to university we have a large

audience a television audience from the developing world these are people

who are embracing education who see it as a way out

of poverty i'm afraid the news is really troubling for them

because they missed the bus development which was always taken for granted no longer will happen.

And we have these increasing inequalities in Silicon Valley because all the wealth is going to the platform companies.

All the wealth is going to companies like Amazon and Google

and the other companies that have harnessed this technology for their own benefit.

What we're seeing is a hollowing out of the middle class,

a hollowing out of the kind of jobs that you guys have depended on and a replacement by the algorithm,

by the machine, and by a tiny group of people who own and control that machine.

That's the reason, I'm afraid, why you should be afraid, very afraid.

Thank you.

Thank you very much.

So our second speaker is speaking against the motion, Walter Isaacson.

And Walter became famous for his internationally acclaimed book on the life of Steve Jobs,

and he gained unprecedented access to Steve Jobs in the last months of his life.

He's also president and CEO of the Aspen Institute in Washington

and a former chairman and CEO of CNN and the managing editor of Time magazine.

How do you fit it all in?

Thank you for making the time for us today.

Your time starts when you get to the lectern.

Thank you.

Thank you very much to have good news for you

and good news the good news is you don't have to be afraid

and the other piece of good news is there's no bad

news in this the future is really going to be cool since my

since my distinguished opponent mr keen started with the industrial revolution and said

that this new revolution would be as disruptive as the industrial revolution let me begin by reminding you

that the industrial revolution wasn't all that bad

and at the end of it we had more jobs not

fewer jobs technology can indeed be disruptive it can disrupt certain jobs as mr keen has said

but it always has and i submit always will produce more jobs because it produces more wealth more personal income,

more per capita wealth, and thus more things that we can make and buy.

Every succeeding generation has had a new wave of worry, dire warnings that jobs are being threatened.

But in each one of these cases, they turned out to be wrong.

I was at Time magazine i went back to look 50

years ago 50 years ago to this date almost time magazine did a cover

just like this just like the uh line

that we're looking at it said the robots are coming automation

will take your job it quoted a rather famous um economic historian robert holborn

or most of you have heard of him he says the new technology is threatening a whole new group of skills.

Sounded just like Mr. Keene.

He said the calculating, the remembering, the comparing, the okaying skills,

the preserve of the office worker will go away and machines will invade society to make that type of human labor redundant.

Well guess what?

It's been 50 years and since then, soon after he wrote that, we had the greatest leaps of technology you can imagine.

The The internet, the personal computer, and the microprocessor all come into play, but nobody has been rendered redundant.

There's more jobs and more types of jobs now than there were 50 years ago.

As Marc Andreassen, the person who invented the web browser,

said, just as most of us today have jobs that weren't invented 100 years ago, the same will be true 100 years from now.

Let me give some examples.

100

There's the app economy.

101

It began in 2008

102

when Steve Jobs was convinced by other members of his management

103

team to allow outsiders to create apps for the iPhone and then the iPad.

104

The app store alone since then has created 627 ,000 jobs.

105

The app economy last year was $100 billion, far surpassing the film industry.

106

This is an industry that did not exist seven years ago.

107

Other advances in technology have helped facilitate new forms of work, such as the sharing economy, where people both here, New York,

108

New Orleans, can drive cars, be part of Uber, be part of Airbnb, be part of Lyft.

109

Likewise, online marketplaces such as Amazon and eBay have enabled the rise of artisans,

110

makers, the type of people that existed in the pre -industrial age, people who had creative instincts and then could have connections to customers around the world.

111

If you create a book or a song now, you have new ways to publish, as Pippa did with her own book, new ways to distribute.

112

If you dream up a new specialty, this world allows you to find customers and provide a service,

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just as if you were an artisan or a service maker in the pre -industrial revolution.

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It even helps long -established companies find markets all over the globe.

115

There's a more fundamental shift going on in the economy that's also good.

116

We're creating an on -demand or on -tap economy.

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If you need a housekeeper or a handyman, you don't have to go to a particular firm to get it.

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It can be done on tap.

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If new technologies reduce the total number of jobs, we'd all be out of work now.

120

And I doubt that Mr. Keene, nor I, nor you, can guess what wondrous jobs technology will bring to our great -grandchildren.

121

Thank you.

122

Thank you very much indeed, Walter.

123

Our second speaker for the motion is economist George Magnus.

124

After a long career in finance in the City of London, George has turned to writing, and he's written The Age of Aging,

125

a study of how demographics are changing the world, economy, and social systems.

126

So, George, please make your way to the lectern and tell us what you think.

127

Thank you very much.

128

So, we're going to talk economics now, okay?

129

Not populism.

130

So what I'd like to put to you this evening is

131

that these digital and robotic technologies constitute a very powerful economic threat to our livelihoods because of its effect on jobs,

132

on income distribution, and because they demand that we focus on coping mechanisms that we do not yet have.

133

now our opponents in this debate

134

and you've already heard the first will try to convince you

135

that because mankind has always adapted to new technologies historically we shouldn't fear the robotic revolution

136

but this time as they say it really is different

137

and I'm going to tell you why

138

so just over 200 years ago 64 men went on trial

139

in York these Luddites they went on a rampage They burned mills and machinery and so on, but their campaign, as we know, was myopic because the Industrial Revolution,

140

or the first Industrial Revolution, did leave us all better off.

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What we did is we harnessed power, and that exposed the limits of human brawn.

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But it was also complementary to human endeavour.

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This is the key point.

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It allowed us to blend men and machines in ways which boosted employment,

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growth, income, and sustained a rising and prosperous middle class.

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The modern technological revolution is different.

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It's exposing the limits not of human brawn, but of human brain.

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And instead of being complementary, modern technology is displacing us.

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Capital is being substituted more and more for labour, threatening jobs, living standards and, as we know from contemporary political debate,

150

the fabric of the middle class.

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Not all jobs, of course, are at risk, as you've already heard.

152

Machines are not sufficiently dexterous to do all kinds of manual work

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and lots of human cognitive and judgmental skills have not been replicated by machines and may not.

154

But they've already been doing routine -based or rule -based jobs on the factory floor and in offices for some time.

155

Since 2010, the number of low -paying and high -paying jobs has gone up, but the number of middle -level jobs,

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middle -wage -paying jobs, has stagnated or dropped in a pattern

157

that is replicated across the whole of Europe in the United States and indeed in some emerging countries, notably in China and India.

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Successful capitalism needs us to be fully engaged, not just as gadgets savoring consumers, which we all are, but also as producers.

159

In other words, we need to have stable, productive, high levels of employment, which is what robotics is undermining.

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And because capitalism rewards scarcity, and because the robotics revolution is generating productivity gains that are benefiting a limited number of people,

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The principal rewards of modern technology are accruing to the owners of capital, not the owners of labor in the main.

162

Think about the three biggest firms in Silicon Valley.

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They have 137 ,000 people, and these three companies have a market capitalization, in other words,

164

they're worth $1 .2 trillion dollars now just cast your mind

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back 25 years to 1990 the three biggest companies in detroit had 10 times as many workers 1 .2 million

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and their combined market value was a mere $36 billion.

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This fundamental change in the relationship between capital

168

and labor is also illustrated by what we see in lots

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of surveys about the rising share of profits in national income and the declining share of wages.

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Because as economic inequality rises, so political inequality rises.

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And those that benefit from more political power obviously seek changes

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which further their own economic advantage

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and you could easily end up without coping mechanisms at a very kind of dystopian political future.

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I would remind you of the quip from Lord Keynes the famous British economist who quipped

175

that in the long run we're all dead by which he meant

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that the economists focus on the long -run equilibrium was a waste of time because economic circumstances affect us now next year,

177

in the next few years, not at some vague point in the unmeasurable future.

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And that's really what is important and brings me to my final point, which is that we need to think about this really seriously and try to develop coping mechanisms.

179

There could be many.

180

Better education, better training, improved access to capital, job protection schemes for certain occupations,

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high minimum wage, direct transfers, labor -intensive construction, taxation of capital to help displaced workers and so on.

182

I'm not commending, ladies and gentlemen, any particular coping mechanism to you tonight,

183

merely pointing out that we have few and need many as the robotics revolution evolves.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「The Great A.I. Debate: Should We Fear the Digital Revolution?」を教材にしています。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が183文、単語が2350語あります。音声の長さは16:37です。話す速さは1分あたり約141語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。単語の84%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
skill 名詞	/skɪl/	腕, 技
mechanism 名詞	/ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/	仕組み, 機構
robot 名詞	/ˈɹoʊ.bɑt/	ロボット, 人造人間
economist 名詞	/iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/	経済学者, エコノミスト
wage 名詞	/weɪd͡ʒ/	給料, サラリー
algorithm 名詞	/ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/	アルゴリズム, 演算手順
threaten 動詞	/ˈθɹɛt.n̩/	脅す, 脅迫する
inequality 名詞	/ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/	不平等
robotics 名詞	/ɹoʊˈbɑ.tɪks/	ロボット工学, ロボティックス
argue 動詞	/ˈɑɹ.ɡju/	議論する, 論ずる
fiction 名詞	/ˈfɪkʃən/	フィクション, 小説
remind 動詞	/ɹəˈmaɪnd/	思い出させる
fundamental 形容詞	/ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/	基本的な
reward 名詞	/ɹɪˈwɔɹd/	見返り, 賞
convince 動詞	/kənˈvɪns/	説得する, 納得させる

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	意味
go away 動詞	去る, 出る
go up 動詞	上がる, 登る
point out 動詞	指す, 指し示す
wash up 動詞	洗面する, 手を洗う

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have argued · have been · have harnessed
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	is based · be swept · was always taken
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	people who have · development which was · people who own

注意したい発音

話し手はI'm, we're, don'tなど、短縮形や弱形を40回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/
「sh」と「zh」の音: fiction /ˈfɪkʃən/, wash /wɑʃ/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, shake /ˈʃeɪk/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, economist /iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/, inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, capitalism /ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, replicate /ˈɹɛplɪkeɪt/, complementary /ˌkɑmplɪˈmɛnt(ə)ɹi/, replacement /ɹɪˈpleɪsmənt/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: convince /kənˈvɪns/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, poverty /ˈpɑːvɚti/, productive /pɹəˈdʌk.tɪv/, preserve /pɹəˈzɝv/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: fiction /ˈfɪkʃən/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, profound /pɹəˈfaʊnd/, fewer /ˈfjuː.ɚ/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。skill, mechanism, robotなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: The Great A.I. Debate: Should We Fear the Digital Revolution? [2015] | Intelligence Squared - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる句動詞

この動画の文法

注意したい発音

この動画での練習方法

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由