シャドーイング練習: the most toxic form of discrimination - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Why are some people described as elegant and others as vulgar?

Why is this elegant and this vulgar?

Well there isn't one single answer to that question but I think it's interesting to wonder

what might influence us to use this or that label, vulgar or elegant.

You'll agree with me that elegant has a positive connotation whereas vulgar has a negative connotation so when you call someone vulgar, it's not nice.

Vulgar is often used to describe women who aren't wife material.

It targets how they look but also how they speak.

But vulgar comes from the latin root vulgaris, which means of the people, ordinary, common.

So it's funny to me that a word that used to mean

and still mean of the people is now used as an insult targeting women who aren't respectable.

I want to explore that further.

To be honest with you, this video idea has been sitting on my list for quite some time

but i wanted to find the right time to talk about it and

when i saw the opening ceremony of the olympics i thought

this is it this is the right moment i don't know

if you've watched the ceremony it's okay if you haven't

but anyway during that ceremony french pop singer aya nakamura sang

and you have to know

that aya is very regularly called vulgar now i know a

lot of you don't know who aya nakamura is i asked you on instagram

and on youtube as well if you knew

and the percentage was kind of scary not gonna lie i

thought more people knew who she was you're actually very lucky to be watching this video

because you better know who this woman is she's growing super

fast in fact she's actually very well known in a bunch

of countries all around the world especially france where she's a proper it girl now

but anyway i'm aware that not all of you have reached

that level of cool so i'm gonna provide you with some facts aya nakamura is actually called Aya Koko Danyoko.

She was born in Mali in 1995 and she's a descendant of the Griot cast.

Griot are known for being singers, storytellers, they are often in charge of perpetuating oral traditions.

When she was quite young, her family decided to move to France in Parisian suburbs.

Alongside her studies in fashion, Aya released her first song in 2014 under the name Aya Nakamura.

She chose that name because she was a fan of the TV series Heroes and she liked the character Hiro Nakamura.

In the following year, she released more and more songs, became more and more popular, she collaborated with bigger artists,

had some successful albums, and then things really really changed in 2018 when she released this song.

D'après les remarques, tu m'as eu dans ton lit Oh, Jaja

Jaja was an international hit The music was covered in a

bunch of different languages It has almost 1 billion views on YouTube

That is a lot for a Francophone singer The international fame

got her on Forbes She was nominated for Best International Artist at the BET Awards

And she was going to perform in Coachella Before it got cancelled because of the C word Now, from an outside perspective it seems that everything is going great for Aya.

She is internationally known, she has just performed during the Olympics ceremony.

But to be honest with you, it's not as great as it seems.

There is a significant gap between Aya's fame and how she is treated at home in France.

In fact, as soon as rumors spread that Aya would perform at the Olympics ceremony, a lot of people complained.

There are singers who would probably be better than Ayana Kamoura in this story.

Honestly, if she represents France, it would be really bad.

And in addition, it doesn't represent France at the level of language.

A lot of people are sure, but not our sports minister, AOC.

No, not that AOC, Amelia Odea-Castera.

M'ja-ja, m'ja-ja.

There's a lot of reality, there's a lot of vitality.

I love it.

Anyway, every single time Aya performs in front of a large audience, especially people who aren't necessarily familiar with art,

the backlash gets really, really intense.

She's called ugly, people say she looks like a man, people also say that her songs don't mean anything, that it's basic, that it's not French, blah blah blah.

Now these attacks are characteristic of what sociologists call symbolic violence.

Symbolic violence refers to the subtle and often unnoticed forms of domination and control that are exerted through social norms,

values, and cultural practices.

This concept was invented by Pierre Bourdieu, a badass French sociologist of the 20th century.

He invented this concept because he wanted to complexify the way we understand violence.

We too often reduce violence to its physical forms, but it goes beyond that.

The concept of symbolic violence is super useful, for example, when we talk about colonization.

Colonization is violent in the sense that it kills people, it displaces them.

That's physical violence, we see it.

But colonization is also violent in the sense that it makes the colonized language, lifestyle and traditions inferior to those of the colonizer.

The example I chose, colonization, isn't random to be honest.

As a French and Malian singer, Aya Nakamura carries with her the legacy of French colonialism.

So in this video, I want to look at the insidious ways in

which symbolic violence is exerted and as you understood it by now, we'll look at Aya Nakamura's experience with it.

We'll start by looking at Aya's music and then Aya as a person.

So let's start with the music.

With his French perfectly beautiful, his music perfectly melodious.

Aya Nakamura doesn't sing in French.

We say, listen, we don't understand, it's shit.

very bad at languages and two, we have too much confidence.

But anyway, the problem with Aya's music is that it's French, but a lot of French people don't understand it.

They do make Yaourt out of it.

In this interview, for example, the journalist looked at the Yaourt parodies made of Aya, making fun of the fact that the lyrics can be hard to understand.

And he asks her if she thinks the criticism of her lyrics are legitimate.

And she answers that it's fine to criticize.

The problem is when people judge without even trying to understand.

Aya explains that she comes from Parisian suburbs, the towers, where people have their own language.

So the journalists ask her to explain the meaning of some of those words like Pukki, Jaja, Belek.

And it's something that she has to do very often and can be a bit boring and comfortable at times.

Eventually the journalist asks her what Kable means.

And Aya makes fun of him because Kable is quite popular, you know.

It means to get angry, to be annoyed, or to go crazy.

This segment is funny and interesting to approach from a sociological perspective, because Aya reversed the dynamic of the conversation.

The journalist positions himself as the well-spoken person in the room.

That means a hierarchy is established between the journalist's normal way of talking and Aya's weird words.

That is a form of symbolic violence.

The problem is that Kable is no longer a weird word.

It's actually quite popular among young people.

So the journalist becomes the weirder in the room.

Okay, boomer.

This passage is really cool.

It shows one of bourgeois people's greatest fear, the power of popular culture, the culture of the people, especially black and Arab people in that case.

They just don't get it.

100

Bourgeois people are both extremely judgmental of the art coming from working classes because it lacks depth.

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It doesn't obey to their bourgeois norms.

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Bourgeois people demand a certain level of abstraction from artists.

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In this criticism, for example, this guy explains that it's okay to tweak the French language,

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but he insinuates that only those who have a deep understanding of the language can do it.

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He takes the example of great French writers who have used slang in their books, but you know, those writers, actually most of them bourgeois writers,

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also had deep knowledge of the French language, its grammar, its spelling, how abstract it can get, et cetera.

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They could write slang, but they could also master the art of abstraction. So yeah.

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And to him, Aya does not represent that.

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So basically implies that only those who master the norm have the right to challenge the norm.

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So that means that you have to read all the great French writers, the lyricists.

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You must integrate yourself in the canon before you bring something new to the table.

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So again, we see here the hierarchy between different linguistics, heritages.

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The French language is above.

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It's the purest form of expression.

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and other languages which mix French and local languages are inferior.

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They are seen as a deformation of French.

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They aren't understood as something uniquely different.

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And this is, once again, reminiscent of the history of French colonialism.

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Colonization not only meant the dispossession of indigenous land, but also the control of local dialects.

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If you remember, at the beginning of the video, I said that Ayana Kamoura was the descendant of the Griot,

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a caste that was known for storytelling, for perpetuating oral traditions.

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We know that a lot of indigenous communities that were colonized have had to give up on those oral traditions.

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Some of those oral traditions are rediscovered now thanks to the work of amazing scholars working in various fields of research, but a lot of them have disappeared.

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In French colonies, the French language was taught and imposed, but progressively new languages merging French and indigenous tongues emerged.

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We call them Créoles, Créole languages.

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They remind us that languages are dynamic, contextual, practical.

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But elites hate that.

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Practicality has no place in culture.

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Culture is the place where abstraction should prevail.

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Language is a tool to convey one's intellectual superiority.

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So you gotta get deep.

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And Aya doesn't necessarily get deep.

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Even during interviews when journalists try to ask more abstract questions, she tends to go back to practical stuff.

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How she feels, how life is for her, how things impact her.

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Again, bourgeois people don't like that.

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That's not how they function.

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That annoying guy in the video can't force Aya to use normal French or to use abstraction.

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Other people wish they could, but this guy is a good guy, you see.

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He tries to understand.

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He's different.

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However, he wished Aya studied all the French canon to share

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that heritage in her songs so that he and his friends have something to intellectually masturbate on,

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something that can be analyzed and intellectualized to make them sound smart during their expensive Parisian dinner parties.

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But Aya doesn't care.

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She talks about daily life, she talks about the things she likes, she talks about her friends or her enemies,

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she uses the words people around her use, and it resonates with millions of people.

147

So to sum it off, working class people tend to prioritize function over abstraction, whereas bourgeois people prioritize abstraction over function.

148

That doesn't mean that all working class people don't care about abstraction, and that doesn't mean that abstraction is inherently bad.

149

Abstraction is necessary across sciences and art in order to say new things.

150

So when I say abstraction, I'm rather thinking about those who think that abstraction equals smart.

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So they use as much abstract language as possible to say nothing of value, nothing new, nothing thought-provoking.

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Okay, so we said that bourgeois people don't like popular culture.

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In fact, they make sure you know that they don't like it.

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The distaste for popular culture allows them to distinguish themselves from middle classes,

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working classes, etc. However, when popular culture gets really popular, like it is the case for Aya, bourgeois people can't afford to hate anymore.

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You see, they love to cultivate their cultural isolation, but they also fear that their isolation feeds anti-rich hate.

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That's why when a working class artist gets really popular, they can't ignore it.

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They have to remain relatable, otherwise people will hate them even more.

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That's why despite criticizing her, they eventually invited ayer on their shows.

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That's why they gave her awards after neglecting her for so long.

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That's why they invited her to big ceremonies like the French Olympic ceremony.

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Ayer's fame makes me think of a line from Medine's Grand Paris.

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La banlieue influence Paname, Paname influence le monde.

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So la banlieue is the name given to suburbs, the towers right behind Paris Ring Road that are known for being quite diverse

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and panam is another name for paris it's a cool name i would say

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so keep that in mind if you want to sound cool you know

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so they say the banlieue influences paris paris influences the world

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he goes on maghreb influences panam panam influences the world

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and also africa influences panam panam influences the world some people

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like me have to make very long video essays to explain something

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and then people just write a few lines and that's it you get it.

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Aya is a tall, confident black woman and for some that's already too much.

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Okay, let's break it down with first the confidence.

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So when you're black and French and famous, there is this expectation that you should be eternally thankful for your success.

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It means that you should be grateful that France and French people gave you the opportunity to succeed.

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It doesn't matter if you were born in France, if you are a French citizen.

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The same rule applies to everybody that is not white.

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We saw it when French beloved actor Omar Sy made a comment on the fact

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that people were concerned when Ukraine was invaded by Russia, but don't necessarily see that these things have been happening in Africa for a long time.

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That did not land well.

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After that comment, many news outlets and commentators suspected Omar Sy of being ungrateful.

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That specific term was used quite a bit.

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By calling him ungrateful, they implied that Omar Sy didn't have the right to criticize France.

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Now let's be clear, you would never hear a thing like this addressed to white French artists.

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The implication was that Omar Sy, a black person, born French, wasn't fully French.

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That he had to earn it by behaving correctly, so by only saying good things about France.

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Similarly, the fact that Aya is confident is perceived as an affront.

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She should too sound and look agreeable and thankful.

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Now, this is compounded by the fact that she's a black woman.

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You might be aware that a lot of stereotypes around black women have circulated across centuries.

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People have called them bossy, loud.

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They are either the mammy or the jezebel, so either unattractive or hyper-sexualized.

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Well, Aya is criticized by some for being unattractive and by others for being vulgar.

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She doesn't correspond to western white beauty standards and haters make sure she's aware of this.

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Actually, Aya is pretty conservative in comparison to American female rappers.

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Some of her dance moves and lyrics are sexual but nothing crazy,

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nothing more than what other white female pop singers do and they don't get called vulgar.

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You see, because symbolic violence is based on the assertion of hegemonic norms aka bourgeois norms, it intersects with many forms of discrimination.

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Racism, sexism, classism, colorism, etc. Yeah, I know we're getting very intersectional now.

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Anyway, I think you better understand by now how symbolic violence works.

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It targets the language, it targets the persona, it targets how the person speaks, how they look, how they hold themselves, how they behave.

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The only thing I haven't talked about yet is probably the most perverse aspect of symbolic violence.

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It's internalization.

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In one of the interviews I showed earlier, Aya used the word normal to refer to the French language as it is taught in schools,

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implying that her way of talking isn't normal.

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She internalized the fact that there is a hierarchy between the two, that her way of talking is to be evaluated according to the norm, according to French taught at school.

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Her way of talking only exists in relation to the superior norm.

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It cannot exist by itself outside that hierarchy.

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I can think of a few public appearances where it seems like Aya feels like she doesn't belong, often during interviews.

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Those interviews are reminiscent of the type of interactions you get between a student and a teacher.

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The bourgeois interviewers expect a good level of French.

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They expect Aya to engage in a more abstract way, or to remain polite as they ask her to translate every single word in her lyrics instead of doing the work themselves.

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So you have to make a parallel between the teacher and the interviewer, and between the student and Aya.

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The teacher has the power to humiliate the student.

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The contrary isn't as obvious.

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Aya doesn't seem to feel comfortable during those interviews

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because she knows she can be humiliated for doing grammatical errors or for answering basic things.

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In fact, a lot of the singers and rappers who come from les banlieues, who come from working class areas, have suffered from that symbolic violence when they were at school.

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Some interviewers managed to create a safe space where Aya can feel like the person she truly is.

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But there have been too many cases where the atmosphere feels like the atmosphere of a classroom with

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that one teacher waiting for the right moment to shame someone publicly.

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Nevertheless, and that will be my conclusion, it was great to see Aya perform at the Olympic ceremony with the garde républicaine.

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She received such a negative backlash from the right and the far right when rumors spread that she would perform.

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So this was a bit of an artistic snare to be honest.

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All to put it more bluntly, this was a very artistic way of saying f* you.

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And sure, there was a lot of work washing during the ceremony.

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Emmanuel Macron used it to improve his global image while facilitating the rise of the far right at home.

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But still, I'm happy that we shed light on all the wonderful people who were part of the ceremony.

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I'm happy

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that Algerian athletes got the opportunity to throw roses in the

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sand to pay tribute to the Algerians who were thrown in the river in 1961.

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I'm happy that the Palestinian delegation was welcomed by the public.

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So yeah, I want to end on this positive note and I hope you enjoyed this video.

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As always, the conversation continues in the comment section.

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Don't forget to like, to subscribe if it's not already done.

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I would like to thank my patrons for their support and a special thanks to top tier patrons Corigi,

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Kodrina, Tristan, Patricia, Christopher, Ian, Donnage, Alex, Manuel, Christopher, and Perry.

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And thank you to...

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No, sponsor of this video here.

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So yeah, that's it.

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I'll see you very soon.

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Salut!

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「the most toxic form of discrimination」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：aya, french, language。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が242文、単語が3223語あります。音声の長さは19:32です。話す速さは1分あたり約165語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は79%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
norm 名詞	/nɔːm/	規, 規範
colonization 名詞	/kɔlənɪˈzɛjʃən/	植民地化
criticize 動詞	/ˈkɹɪtɪsaɪz/	批判する, 非難する
hierarchy 名詞	/ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/	階層, 序列
elegant 形容詞	/ˈɛləɡənt/	優雅な, 立派な
imply 動詞	/ɪmˈplaɪ/	ほのめかす
annoy 動詞	/əˈnoɪ̯/	煩わす, 騒がす
connotation 名詞	/ˌkɑnəˈteɪʃən/	含意
descendant 名詞	/dɪˈsɛndənt/	子孫, 子種
exert 動詞	/ɪɡˈzɝt/	行使する
prioritize 動詞	/pɹaɪˈɒɹ.ə.taɪz/	優先させる
interviewer 名詞	/ˈɪntɚvjuɚ/	インタビュアー, 会見者
invent 動詞	/ɪnˈvɛnt/	発明する
backlash 名詞	/ˈbækˌlæʃ/	バックラッシュ
rumor 名詞	/ˈɹumɚ/	噂, 伝聞

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了進行形 have/has been + -ing — 以前に始まり今も続いている動作	has been sitting · have been happening
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	you've watched · have reached · has just performed
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	is actually called · was born · are known
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	women who aren · vulgaris, which means · people who aren

注意したい発音

話し手はdon't, doesn't, I'mなど、短縮形や弱形を56回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「sh」と「zh」の音: abstraction /æbˈstɹæk.ʃn̩/, colonization /kɔlənɪˈzɛjʃən/, connotation /ˌkɑnəˈteɪʃən/, backlash /ˈbækˌlæʃ/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: colonization /kɔlənɪˈzɛjʃən/, hierarchy /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/, connotation /ˌkɑnəˈteɪʃən/, perpetuate /pɚˈpɛt͡ʃəˌweɪt/, prioritize /pɹaɪˈɒɹ.ə.taɪz/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: ungrateful /ʌnˈɡɹeɪtfəl/, prevail /pɹɪˈveɪl/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, respectable [ɹɪˈspɛk.tə.bl̩], translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: interviewer /ˈɪntɚvjuɚ/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/, prevail /pɹɪˈveɪl/, invade /ɪnˈveɪd/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: ungrateful /ʌnˈɡɹeɪtfəl/, inferior /ɪnˈfɪɹ.i.ɚ/, thankful /ˈθæŋkfəl/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。norm, colonization, criticizeなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: the most toxic form of discrimination - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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