쉐도잉 연습: the most toxic form of discrimination - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

연습 모드 선택

각 모드는 전체 화면 연습실로 열립니다.

242 문장

문장이 너무 짧거나 길면 Edit를 눌러 조정하세요.

Why are some people described as elegant and others as vulgar?

Why is this elegant and this vulgar?

Well there isn't one single answer to that question but I think it's interesting to wonder

what might influence us to use this or that label, vulgar or elegant.

You'll agree with me that elegant has a positive connotation whereas vulgar has a negative connotation so when you call someone vulgar, it's not nice.

Vulgar is often used to describe women who aren't wife material.

It targets how they look but also how they speak.

But vulgar comes from the latin root vulgaris, which means of the people, ordinary, common.

So it's funny to me that a word that used to mean

and still mean of the people is now used as an insult targeting women who aren't respectable.

I want to explore that further.

To be honest with you, this video idea has been sitting on my list for quite some time

but i wanted to find the right time to talk about it and

when i saw the opening ceremony of the olympics i thought

this is it this is the right moment i don't know

if you've watched the ceremony it's okay if you haven't

but anyway during that ceremony french pop singer aya nakamura sang

and you have to know

that aya is very regularly called vulgar now i know a

lot of you don't know who aya nakamura is i asked you on instagram

and on youtube as well if you knew

and the percentage was kind of scary not gonna lie i

thought more people knew who she was you're actually very lucky to be watching this video

because you better know who this woman is she's growing super

fast in fact she's actually very well known in a bunch

of countries all around the world especially france where she's a proper it girl now

but anyway i'm aware that not all of you have reached

that level of cool so i'm gonna provide you with some facts aya nakamura is actually called Aya Koko Danyoko.

She was born in Mali in 1995 and she's a descendant of the Griot cast.

Griot are known for being singers, storytellers, they are often in charge of perpetuating oral traditions.

When she was quite young, her family decided to move to France in Parisian suburbs.

Alongside her studies in fashion, Aya released her first song in 2014 under the name Aya Nakamura.

She chose that name because she was a fan of the TV series Heroes and she liked the character Hiro Nakamura.

In the following year, she released more and more songs, became more and more popular, she collaborated with bigger artists,

had some successful albums, and then things really really changed in 2018 when she released this song.

D'après les remarques, tu m'as eu dans ton lit Oh, Jaja

Jaja was an international hit The music was covered in a

bunch of different languages It has almost 1 billion views on YouTube

That is a lot for a Francophone singer The international fame

got her on Forbes She was nominated for Best International Artist at the BET Awards

And she was going to perform in Coachella Before it got cancelled because of the C word Now, from an outside perspective it seems that everything is going great for Aya.

She is internationally known, she has just performed during the Olympics ceremony.

But to be honest with you, it's not as great as it seems.

There is a significant gap between Aya's fame and how she is treated at home in France.

In fact, as soon as rumors spread that Aya would perform at the Olympics ceremony, a lot of people complained.

There are singers who would probably be better than Ayana Kamoura in this story.

Honestly, if she represents France, it would be really bad.

And in addition, it doesn't represent France at the level of language.

A lot of people are sure, but not our sports minister, AOC.

No, not that AOC, Amelia Odea-Castera.

M'ja-ja, m'ja-ja.

There's a lot of reality, there's a lot of vitality.

I love it.

Anyway, every single time Aya performs in front of a large audience, especially people who aren't necessarily familiar with art,

the backlash gets really, really intense.

She's called ugly, people say she looks like a man, people also say that her songs don't mean anything, that it's basic, that it's not French, blah blah blah.

Now these attacks are characteristic of what sociologists call symbolic violence.

Symbolic violence refers to the subtle and often unnoticed forms of domination and control that are exerted through social norms,

values, and cultural practices.

This concept was invented by Pierre Bourdieu, a badass French sociologist of the 20th century.

He invented this concept because he wanted to complexify the way we understand violence.

We too often reduce violence to its physical forms, but it goes beyond that.

The concept of symbolic violence is super useful, for example, when we talk about colonization.

Colonization is violent in the sense that it kills people, it displaces them.

That's physical violence, we see it.

But colonization is also violent in the sense that it makes the colonized language, lifestyle and traditions inferior to those of the colonizer.

The example I chose, colonization, isn't random to be honest.

As a French and Malian singer, Aya Nakamura carries with her the legacy of French colonialism.

So in this video, I want to look at the insidious ways in

which symbolic violence is exerted and as you understood it by now, we'll look at Aya Nakamura's experience with it.

We'll start by looking at Aya's music and then Aya as a person.

So let's start with the music.

With his French perfectly beautiful, his music perfectly melodious.

Aya Nakamura doesn't sing in French.

We say, listen, we don't understand, it's shit.

very bad at languages and two, we have too much confidence.

But anyway, the problem with Aya's music is that it's French, but a lot of French people don't understand it.

They do make Yaourt out of it.

In this interview, for example, the journalist looked at the Yaourt parodies made of Aya, making fun of the fact that the lyrics can be hard to understand.

And he asks her if she thinks the criticism of her lyrics are legitimate.

And she answers that it's fine to criticize.

The problem is when people judge without even trying to understand.

Aya explains that she comes from Parisian suburbs, the towers, where people have their own language.

So the journalists ask her to explain the meaning of some of those words like Pukki, Jaja, Belek.

And it's something that she has to do very often and can be a bit boring and comfortable at times.

Eventually the journalist asks her what Kable means.

And Aya makes fun of him because Kable is quite popular, you know.

It means to get angry, to be annoyed, or to go crazy.

This segment is funny and interesting to approach from a sociological perspective, because Aya reversed the dynamic of the conversation.

The journalist positions himself as the well-spoken person in the room.

That means a hierarchy is established between the journalist's normal way of talking and Aya's weird words.

That is a form of symbolic violence.

The problem is that Kable is no longer a weird word.

It's actually quite popular among young people.

So the journalist becomes the weirder in the room.

Okay, boomer.

This passage is really cool.

It shows one of bourgeois people's greatest fear, the power of popular culture, the culture of the people, especially black and Arab people in that case.

They just don't get it.

100

Bourgeois people are both extremely judgmental of the art coming from working classes because it lacks depth.

101

It doesn't obey to their bourgeois norms.

102

Bourgeois people demand a certain level of abstraction from artists.

103

In this criticism, for example, this guy explains that it's okay to tweak the French language,

104

but he insinuates that only those who have a deep understanding of the language can do it.

105

He takes the example of great French writers who have used slang in their books, but you know, those writers, actually most of them bourgeois writers,

106

also had deep knowledge of the French language, its grammar, its spelling, how abstract it can get, et cetera.

107

They could write slang, but they could also master the art of abstraction. So yeah.

108

And to him, Aya does not represent that.

109

So basically implies that only those who master the norm have the right to challenge the norm.

110

So that means that you have to read all the great French writers, the lyricists.

111

You must integrate yourself in the canon before you bring something new to the table.

112

So again, we see here the hierarchy between different linguistics, heritages.

113

The French language is above.

114

It's the purest form of expression.

115

and other languages which mix French and local languages are inferior.

116

They are seen as a deformation of French.

117

They aren't understood as something uniquely different.

118

And this is, once again, reminiscent of the history of French colonialism.

119

Colonization not only meant the dispossession of indigenous land, but also the control of local dialects.

120

If you remember, at the beginning of the video, I said that Ayana Kamoura was the descendant of the Griot,

121

a caste that was known for storytelling, for perpetuating oral traditions.

122

We know that a lot of indigenous communities that were colonized have had to give up on those oral traditions.

123

Some of those oral traditions are rediscovered now thanks to the work of amazing scholars working in various fields of research, but a lot of them have disappeared.

124

In French colonies, the French language was taught and imposed, but progressively new languages merging French and indigenous tongues emerged.

125

We call them Créoles, Créole languages.

126

They remind us that languages are dynamic, contextual, practical.

127

But elites hate that.

128

Practicality has no place in culture.

129

Culture is the place where abstraction should prevail.

130

Language is a tool to convey one's intellectual superiority.

131

So you gotta get deep.

132

And Aya doesn't necessarily get deep.

133

Even during interviews when journalists try to ask more abstract questions, she tends to go back to practical stuff.

134

How she feels, how life is for her, how things impact her.

135

Again, bourgeois people don't like that.

136

That's not how they function.

137

That annoying guy in the video can't force Aya to use normal French or to use abstraction.

138

Other people wish they could, but this guy is a good guy, you see.

139

He tries to understand.

140

He's different.

141

However, he wished Aya studied all the French canon to share

142

that heritage in her songs so that he and his friends have something to intellectually masturbate on,

143

something that can be analyzed and intellectualized to make them sound smart during their expensive Parisian dinner parties.

144

But Aya doesn't care.

145

She talks about daily life, she talks about the things she likes, she talks about her friends or her enemies,

146

she uses the words people around her use, and it resonates with millions of people.

147

So to sum it off, working class people tend to prioritize function over abstraction, whereas bourgeois people prioritize abstraction over function.

148

That doesn't mean that all working class people don't care about abstraction, and that doesn't mean that abstraction is inherently bad.

149

Abstraction is necessary across sciences and art in order to say new things.

150

So when I say abstraction, I'm rather thinking about those who think that abstraction equals smart.

151

So they use as much abstract language as possible to say nothing of value, nothing new, nothing thought-provoking.

152

Okay, so we said that bourgeois people don't like popular culture.

153

In fact, they make sure you know that they don't like it.

154

The distaste for popular culture allows them to distinguish themselves from middle classes,

155

working classes, etc. However, when popular culture gets really popular, like it is the case for Aya, bourgeois people can't afford to hate anymore.

156

You see, they love to cultivate their cultural isolation, but they also fear that their isolation feeds anti-rich hate.

157

That's why when a working class artist gets really popular, they can't ignore it.

158

They have to remain relatable, otherwise people will hate them even more.

159

That's why despite criticizing her, they eventually invited ayer on their shows.

160

That's why they gave her awards after neglecting her for so long.

161

That's why they invited her to big ceremonies like the French Olympic ceremony.

162

Ayer's fame makes me think of a line from Medine's Grand Paris.

163

La banlieue influence Paname, Paname influence le monde.

164

So la banlieue is the name given to suburbs, the towers right behind Paris Ring Road that are known for being quite diverse

165

and panam is another name for paris it's a cool name i would say

166

so keep that in mind if you want to sound cool you know

167

so they say the banlieue influences paris paris influences the world

168

he goes on maghreb influences panam panam influences the world

169

and also africa influences panam panam influences the world some people

170

like me have to make very long video essays to explain something

171

and then people just write a few lines and that's it you get it.

172

Aya is a tall, confident black woman and for some that's already too much.

173

Okay, let's break it down with first the confidence.

174

So when you're black and French and famous, there is this expectation that you should be eternally thankful for your success.

175

It means that you should be grateful that France and French people gave you the opportunity to succeed.

176

It doesn't matter if you were born in France, if you are a French citizen.

177

The same rule applies to everybody that is not white.

178

We saw it when French beloved actor Omar Sy made a comment on the fact

179

that people were concerned when Ukraine was invaded by Russia, but don't necessarily see that these things have been happening in Africa for a long time.

180

That did not land well.

181

After that comment, many news outlets and commentators suspected Omar Sy of being ungrateful.

182

That specific term was used quite a bit.

183

By calling him ungrateful, they implied that Omar Sy didn't have the right to criticize France.

184

Now let's be clear, you would never hear a thing like this addressed to white French artists.

185

The implication was that Omar Sy, a black person, born French, wasn't fully French.

186

That he had to earn it by behaving correctly, so by only saying good things about France.

187

Similarly, the fact that Aya is confident is perceived as an affront.

188

She should too sound and look agreeable and thankful.

189

Now, this is compounded by the fact that she's a black woman.

190

You might be aware that a lot of stereotypes around black women have circulated across centuries.

191

People have called them bossy, loud.

192

They are either the mammy or the jezebel, so either unattractive or hyper-sexualized.

193

Well, Aya is criticized by some for being unattractive and by others for being vulgar.

194

She doesn't correspond to western white beauty standards and haters make sure she's aware of this.

195

Actually, Aya is pretty conservative in comparison to American female rappers.

196

Some of her dance moves and lyrics are sexual but nothing crazy,

197

nothing more than what other white female pop singers do and they don't get called vulgar.

198

You see, because symbolic violence is based on the assertion of hegemonic norms aka bourgeois norms, it intersects with many forms of discrimination.

199

Racism, sexism, classism, colorism, etc. Yeah, I know we're getting very intersectional now.

200

Anyway, I think you better understand by now how symbolic violence works.

201

It targets the language, it targets the persona, it targets how the person speaks, how they look, how they hold themselves, how they behave.

202

The only thing I haven't talked about yet is probably the most perverse aspect of symbolic violence.

203

It's internalization.

204

In one of the interviews I showed earlier, Aya used the word normal to refer to the French language as it is taught in schools,

205

implying that her way of talking isn't normal.

206

She internalized the fact that there is a hierarchy between the two, that her way of talking is to be evaluated according to the norm, according to French taught at school.

207

Her way of talking only exists in relation to the superior norm.

208

It cannot exist by itself outside that hierarchy.

209

I can think of a few public appearances where it seems like Aya feels like she doesn't belong, often during interviews.

210

Those interviews are reminiscent of the type of interactions you get between a student and a teacher.

211

The bourgeois interviewers expect a good level of French.

212

They expect Aya to engage in a more abstract way, or to remain polite as they ask her to translate every single word in her lyrics instead of doing the work themselves.

213

So you have to make a parallel between the teacher and the interviewer, and between the student and Aya.

214

The teacher has the power to humiliate the student.

215

The contrary isn't as obvious.

216

Aya doesn't seem to feel comfortable during those interviews

217

because she knows she can be humiliated for doing grammatical errors or for answering basic things.

218

In fact, a lot of the singers and rappers who come from les banlieues, who come from working class areas, have suffered from that symbolic violence when they were at school.

219

Some interviewers managed to create a safe space where Aya can feel like the person she truly is.

220

But there have been too many cases where the atmosphere feels like the atmosphere of a classroom with

221

that one teacher waiting for the right moment to shame someone publicly.

222

Nevertheless, and that will be my conclusion, it was great to see Aya perform at the Olympic ceremony with the garde républicaine.

223

She received such a negative backlash from the right and the far right when rumors spread that she would perform.

224

So this was a bit of an artistic snare to be honest.

225

All to put it more bluntly, this was a very artistic way of saying f* you.

226

And sure, there was a lot of work washing during the ceremony.

227

Emmanuel Macron used it to improve his global image while facilitating the rise of the far right at home.

228

But still, I'm happy that we shed light on all the wonderful people who were part of the ceremony.

229

I'm happy

230

that Algerian athletes got the opportunity to throw roses in the

231

sand to pay tribute to the Algerians who were thrown in the river in 1961.

232

I'm happy that the Palestinian delegation was welcomed by the public.

233

So yeah, I want to end on this positive note and I hope you enjoyed this video.

234

As always, the conversation continues in the comment section.

235

Don't forget to like, to subscribe if it's not already done.

236

I would like to thank my patrons for their support and a special thanks to top tier patrons Corigi,

237

Kodrina, Tristan, Patricia, Christopher, Ian, Donnage, Alex, Manuel, Christopher, and Perry.

238

And thank you to...

239

No, sponsor of this video here.

240

So yeah, that's it.

241

I'll see you very soon.

242

Salut!

앱 다운로드

유창하게 말하는 데 필요한 모든 것

AI 발음 평가문장마다 점수 확인

IPA 발음 연습모든 소리 마스터

단어 학습나만의 단어장 만들기

단어 게임놀면서 외우기

QR 스캔

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

FOR YOU

이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 C1 수준 말하기 레슨은 영상 “the most toxic form of discrimination”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: aya, french, language. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 242개와 단어 3223개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 19:32입니다. 화자는 분당 약 165단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 79%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에서 가장 어려운 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
norm 명사	/nɔːm/	규범
colonization 명사	/kɔlənɪˈzɛjʃən/	식민지화
hierarchy 명사	/ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/	계층
elegant 형용사	/ˈɛləɡənt/	우아한
connotation 명사	/ˌkɑnəˈteɪʃən/	함축
descendant 명사	/dɪˈsɛndənt/	자손, 후예
ungrateful 형용사	/ʌnˈɡɹeɪtfəl/	배은망덕
interviewer 명사	/ˈɪntɚvjuɚ/	면접관
invent 동사	/ɪnˈvɛnt/	발명하다
rumor 명사	/ˈɹumɚ/	소문, 풍문
thankful 형용사	/ˈθæŋkfəl/	고맙다, 감사하다
behave 동사	/bɪˈheɪv/	처신하다, 행동하다
isolation 명사	/ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/	격리, 고립
stereotype 명사	/ˈstɛ.ɹi.əˌtaɪp/	고정관념
sexism 명사	/ˈsɛksɪzm̩/	성차별

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
현재완료진행 have/has been + -ing — 전에 시작해 지금도 계속되는 동작	has been sitting · have been happening
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	you've watched · have reached · has just performed
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	is actually called · was born · are known
관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보	women who aren · vulgaris, which means · people who aren

주의할 발음

화자는 don't, doesn't, I'm 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 56번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“sh”와 “zh” 소리: abstraction /æbˈstɹæk.ʃn̩/, colonization /kɔlənɪˈzɛjʃən/, connotation /ˌkɑnəˈteɪʃən/, backlash /ˈbækˌlæʃ/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: colonization /kɔlənɪˈzɛjʃən/, hierarchy /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/, connotation /ˌkɑnəˈteɪʃən/, perpetuate /pɚˈpɛt͡ʃəˌweɪt/, prioritize /pɹaɪˈɒɹ.ə.taɪz/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: ungrateful /ʌnˈɡɹeɪtfəl/, inferior /ɪnˈfɪɹ.i.ɚ/, thankful /ˈθæŋkfəl/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: interviewer /ˈɪntɚvjuɚ/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/, prevail /pɹɪˈveɪl/, invade /ɪnˈveɪd/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: colonization /kɔlənɪˈzɛjʃən/, criticize /ˈkɹɪtɪsaɪz/, suburbs /ˈsʌbɝbz/, colonize /ˈkɑlənaɪz/, exert /ɪɡˈzɝt/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, norm, colonization, hierarchy 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

섀도잉 방법: 단계별 전체 가이드 읽기 →

쉐도잉 연습: the most toxic form of discrimination - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

연습 모드 선택

앱 다운로드

추천 영상

How Culture affects your Personality

Angelina Jolie: 'I love my country but I don't recognise it right now'

YUYUの日本語Podcast:🤯👀オノマトペ👨‍🏫👩‍🎓(Japanese Podcast with subtitles)

Philomena Cunk being Philomena Cunk

Chimamanda Adichie: The danger of a single story

THB the English Flag Has Become a Symbol of Division - Femi Oluwole - Prop

Rebecca Donaldson Tells Vogue How To Nail F1 Style At The Melbourne Grand Prix | Vogue Australia

The Killer Nurse Who Poisoned Patients | Ayumi Kuboki Case

Miss World 2025 - Top 4 Final Question from the Judges

STOP caring what other people think

Emily in Paris | Sexy or Sexist

What’s Going on with Ariana Grande? | The Social