シャドーイング練習: Why Is Blue So Rare In Nature? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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There are no blue tigers.

No blue bats, no blue squirrels, or blue dogs.

Even blue whales aren’t that blue.

Animals come in pretty much every color, but blue seems to be the rarest.

What’s cool, though, is when we do find a blue animal, they’re awesome looking.

Nature doesn’t do halfway with blue.

To understand why this is, we’re gonna journey through evolution, chemistry, and some very cool physics.

But, first we’re gonna need to understand why animals are any color at all, and to do that, we need to go look at some butterflies… because butterflies are awesome… and if you don’t think so, you’re wrong This is Bob Robbins.

He’s curator of Lepidoptera at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C.

Butterflies ARE awesome.

Make no mistake about it.

They’re a group of moths that evolved to be active during the day, and if you’re active during the day, you have an advantage: You can use light to communicate.

You probably realize this, but out of all insects, butterflies display the brightest and most detailed patterns.

And there’s a good reason for that: The colors in butterfly wings deliver messages, like “I’m toxic”, or “I’m a male and this is my territory”, but not all butterfly colors are created equal.

If we zoom way in on a butterfly wing, we see the colors come from tiny scales.

It’s actually how moths and butterflies get their scientific name.

Oranges, reds, yellows browns…those scales all contain pigments, organic molecules that absorb every color except what we see.

Black scales absorb all colors.

Animals, from butterflies to birds to you and me, don’t make these pigments from scratch, they’re made from ingredients in our diet.

You might know this thanks to flamingos: They’re born gray, but turn pink thanks to pigments called carotenoids in crustaceans they eat.

So when it comes to these colors: You are what you eat.

But not so for blue.

Blue is If you move the camera, you can see that the color changes as you move the camera.

It does. It’s like a hologram thing.

This is because there’s no blue pigment in these butterflies Wait… so they’re blue, but they’re not really blue?

That’s correct!

Yes. You’re lying to me butterflies!

These are Blue Morpho butterflies, maybe the prettiest butterflies of all.

I mean… they did make it the butterfly emoji.

The blue color isn’t from a pigment.

The blue comes from the shape of the wing scale itself, and when I learned how this works, it kinda blew my mind.

If we zoom way in on a blue wing scale, we see these little ridges.

If we slice across the scale, and look closer, we see those ridges are shaped like tiny Christmas trees.

The arrangement of the branches is what gives Morpho wings their blue color.

When light comes in, some bounces off the top surface.

But some light passes into the layer and reflects off the bottom surface.

For most colors of light, waves reflecting from the top and bottom will be out of phase, they’ll be canceled out, and that light is removed.

But blue light has just the right wavelength: the reflected light waves are in sync, and that color makes it to our eye.

This hall of mirrors only lets blue light escape.

There’s even a pigment at the base that absorbs stray red and green light to make the blue even more pure.

That’s how we get this awesome iridescent blue.

The microscopic structure of the wing itself.

All of this happens because of the way light bends when it moves from air into another material.

So if we fill all those tiny gaps with something other than air, like alcohol, the blue disappears.

Technically, this “changes the index of refraction”, but in plain English that means blue light is no longer bent the right way.

The microscopic light filter is broken.

Until the alcohol evaporates.

And the color returns.

But these butterflies live in the rainforest.

You think they’d lose their color any time they got wet, right?

Well watch this.

These wing scales are made of a material that’s naturally water-resistant.

What about this blue jay feather?

If we look through it, the color completely disappears.

No blue pigment.

Each feather bristle contains light-scattering microscopic beads, spaced so everything but blue light is canceled out.

Unlike the highly-ordered structures we find in butterfly wings, these feather structures are more messy, like a foam, so instead of changing as we move, the color’s more even from every direction.

Peacock tail feathers?

Again it’s the shape of the feather, not pigment.

But the light reflecting structures here are more ordered, like a crystal, so it’s brighter from certain angles.

There’s even a monkey–WHOA let’s keep this PG!!–even that color is made by the adding and subtracting of light waves thanks to structures in the skin… not pigment.

And yes, even your blue eyes, are colored by structures, not pigments.

Outside of the ocean, almost exclusively, the bluest living things make their colors with microscopic structures, and each one’s a little different.

No vertebrate, not a single bird or mammal or reptile that we know of, makes a blue pigment on its body.

In fact, there’s only one known butterfly that has cracked the code for making a true blue pigment.

Blue as a pigment in nature is incredibly rare.

But there’s one exception so far that we know about, and these are over here called the olivewings.

They have evolved a blue pigment.

They’re not very common and we don’t know much about them, and I don’t know of any other blue pigment.

That’s a really special butterfly.

Why is almost all of nature’s blue made from structures and not pigments like everything else?

I’ve asked this question to several scientists that study color, and here’s their best theory so far: At some point way back in time, birds and butterflies evolved the ability to see blue light.

But they hadn’t yet evolved a way to paint their bodies that color.

But if they could, it’d be like going from early Beatles to Sgt.

Pepper’s Beatles.

it meant new opportunities for communicating and survival.

Creating some blue pigment–out of the blue–would have required inventing new chemistry, and there was no way to just add that recipe to their genes.

It was much easier for evolution to change the shape of their bodies, ever so slightly, at the most microscopic level, and create blue using physics instead.

They solved a biology problem with engineering.

What I love about this is these colors have fascinated curious people for hundreds of years.

After looking at peacock feathers through one of the first microscopes back in the 1600’s Robert Hooke wrote: “these colours are onely fantastical ones” Even Isaac Newton noticed there was something unusual about these blues, and scientists have been studying it ever since.

Not only because the science is interesting, but because it’s beautiful.

Thanks for watching, and stay curious.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が83文、単語が1184語あります。音声の長さは7:31です。話す速さは1分あたり約158語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は80%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくるやや難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

butterfly /ˈbʌ.tə(ɹ).flaɪ/ (名詞) — 胡蝶, 蝶々. A flying insect of the order Lepidoptera, distinguished from moths by their diurnal activity and generally brighter colouring.
feather /ˈfɛðə/ (名詞) — 羽. A branching, hair-like structure that grows on the bodies of birds, used for flight, swimming, protection and display.
reflect /ɹɪˈflɛkt/ (動詞) — 跳ね返す, 反射する. To bend back (light, etc.) from a surface.
absorb /æbˈsɔɹb/ (動詞) — 吸収する. To include so that it no longer has separate existence; to overwhelm; to cause to disappear as if by swallowing up; to incorporate; to assimilate; to take in…
curious /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ (形容詞) — 好奇心の強い, 知りたがる. Tending to ask questions, or to want to explore or investigate; inquisitive; (with a negative connotation) nosy, prying.
physics /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ (名詞) — 物理学. The branch of science concerned with the study of the properties and interactions of space, time, matter and energy.
chemistry /ˈkɛm.ɪ.stɹi/ (名詞) — 化学. The branch of natural science that deals with the composition and constitution of substances and the changes that they undergo as a consequence of alterations…
scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/ (名詞) — 科学者. One whose activities make use of the scientific method to answer questions regarding the measurable universe. A scientist may be involved in original research…
communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ (動詞) — 伝える. To impart or transmit (information or knowledge) to someone; to make known, to tell.
cancel /ˈkæn.sl̩/ (動詞) — 取り消す, 取り止める. To cross out something with lines etc.
bend /bɛnd/ (動詞) — 曲げる. To cause (something) to change its shape into a curve, by physical force, chemical action, or any other means.
disappear /dɪsəˈpɪɹ/ (動詞) — 消える. To vanish.
zoom /zuːm/ (動詞) — 猛スピードで進む. To move fast with a humming noise.
naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ (副詞) — 勿論. In a natural manner.
gap /ɡæp/ (名詞) — 間隙, ずれ. An opening in anything, made by breaking or parting.

注意したい発音

話し手はthey're, don't, you'reなど、短縮形や弱形を29回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: feather /ˈfɛðə/, moth /mɔθ/, wavelength /ˈweɪvˌlɛŋ(k)θ/
「sh」と「zh」の音: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/, crustacean /kɹʌsˈteɪʃən/, refraction /ɹəˈfɹækʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。butterfly, feather, reflectなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	are created · are shaped · be canceled
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	has cracked · have evolved · I've asked

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Why Is Blue So Rare In Nature? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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