シャドーイング練習: 5 Weird Involuntary Behaviors Explained! - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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We like to think we walk through our lives completely conscious,
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free to choose whatever we like, totally, completely in control.
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Not even close.
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Our bodies leave a lot to autopilot, which is a good thing, because imagine having to regulate your heartbeat and your breathing and your digestive system and your body temperature,
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while not peeing your pants and falling down.
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That would be hard.
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Many of those involuntary actions are mysterious, annoying, and just plain weird.
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Here are five of the human body's strangest out-of-control behaviors.
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Start typing why does my into Google, and the top result is an eye-opener.
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Involuntary twitching of the muscles around the eye has a number of causes, including dry eyes, caffeine, bright lights, and just like during a tough workout, from simple fatigue.
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It's usually totally harmless and eventually goes away on its own, and it's a good hint that you've probably been looking at that screen enough for one day.
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Looking at bright light can cause more than an eye twitch.
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In Aristotle's book of problems, he asks, why is it that one sneezes more after one has looked at the sun?
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Proving that people have been asking a lot of the same questions for a long time, and no one told Aristotle that you're not supposed to stare at the sun.
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Like, ever.
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The so-called photic sneeze reflex, aka the autosomal cholinergic heliophthalmic outburst,
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abbreviated achoo, yes, seriously, is experienced by about one in four people, leading scientists to believe that it is genetically heritable.
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While the exact cause hasn't been pinpointed, Many scientists think that it's due to crosstalk between the optic nerve
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and the nerve that feeds the tickling sensation in your nose.
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The visual cortex of sun-sneezing people is also prone to overstimulation, which might send the sneeze-sensing parts of their brain haywire.
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Have you ever been just about to go to sleep, walking through the gates to dreamland, only to have the floor pulled out from under you and suddenly you're falling and then you wake up?
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These frustrating sleep starts have another cool medical name, hypnagogic myoclonus.
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When we drift off, the areas of our brain that control motor function are inactivated, in favor of those that control our sleep cycles.
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Which is why you can dream about riding your bike without actually moving your feet.
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As the sleepy part of your brain fights with the awake and moving parts of your brain, that battle can spontaneously tip back in favor of the motor control side,
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and then suddenly you're like, whoa, I'm awake.
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Sleep starts aren't the only myocloni that we experience.
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Makeups are an uncontrollable contraction of the diaphragm muscle that we use to draw air into our lungs.
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About a quarter second after that muscle contracts, the vocal cords snap shut, creating that characteristic… Scientists still aren't sure what causes them,
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but possible explanations include hiccups being an evolutionary remnant from a few hundred million years ago, when our ancestors still had to pump water over their gills.
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Or, since hiccups mainly happen in mammals, that they they started as a way for nursing infants to clear air from their stomachs.
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If you want to get rid of hiccups, it seems that increasing the amount of CO2 in your blood can do the job, which is why common remedies include drinking water, holding our breath, or breathing into a paper bag.
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Yawning, another long, slow, involuntary form of breathing, is common throughout the animal kingdom, and it even happens in the womb.
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We know it's associated with sleep and boredom, but that doesn't explain why it happens.
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Unlike most human behaviors, if you stop and think about yawning long enough, it starts to become a really weird thing to do.
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Hippocrates believed that yawns released noxious fumes that had built up in the body, but modern medicine has shown us that that usually happens on the other end of the body.
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We also know that about 50% of people who observe a yawn will yawn in response, so it's thought to be a social cue to synchronize our biological clocks.
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One theory says yawns might even cool the brain slightly to make us more alert as we get bored or sleepy.
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Even watching someone talk for extended periods of time can induce yawning.
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So next time you're getting bored in class, tell your teacher it's Mother Nature's fault.
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Finally, I'll leave you with one bonus behavior, post-micturition convulsion syndrome, or the pee shivers.
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This is another behavior for which scientists haven't quite shaken out all the details,
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but some believe it's simply because we're exposing sensitive areas of our body to the cold while we expel some internal warmth.
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They might also arise from a bit of conflict between our autonomous nervous system that's usually quietly keeping all that pee inside,
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and the part of our conscious mind that's in charge of the plumbing at that moment.
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These weird, wild, and often twitchy behaviors may define nice neat explanations, and yes, sometimes they are very annoying, but in the great movie that is life,
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they're a nice reminder of all the amazing things going on behind the scenes.
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Here's a reflex action, you click subscribe, and I'll see you again next week.
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Stay curious.
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When the mercury plummets, we don't actually feel the temperature.
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We feel the flow of energy.
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We feel the heat.
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Feel, feel, feel, feel my heat.
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Or really, we feel the unheat, because cold can never move into something.
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It's heat flowing out.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このB2レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「5 Weird Involuntary Behaviors Explained!」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：behavior, brain, sleep, yawn, scientists。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が55文、単語が931語あります。 音声の長さは5:12です。 話す速さは1分あたり約179語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は80%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| yawn 動詞 | /jɔn/ | 欠伸する |
| sneeze 動詞 | /sniːz/ | くしゃみをする, しゃみをする |
| hiccup 名詞 | /ˈhɪkʌp/ | しゃっくり, ヒック |
| involuntary 形容詞 | /ɪnˈvɑ.lənˌtɛɹ.i/ | 不本意 |
| annoy 動詞 | /əˈnoɪ̯/ | 煩わす, 騒がす |
| reflex 名詞 | /ˈɹiːflɛks/ | 反射 |
| sleepy 形容詞 | /ˈsliːpi/ | 眠い, 眠たい |
| twitch 名詞 | /twɪt͡ʃ/ | 引き攣り |
| bore 動詞 | /boɹ/ | いらいらさせる |
| awake 動詞 | /əˈweɪk/ | 目覚める, 目を覚ます |
| nerve 名詞 | /nɝv/ | 神経 |
| abbreviate 動詞 | /əˈbɹi.vi.eɪt/ | 縮める, 略す |
| ancestor 名詞 | /ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/ | 先祖, 祖先 |
| autopilot 名詞 | /ˈɔtoʊˌpaɪlət/ | オートパイロット |
| boredom 名詞 | /ˈbɔɹ.dəm/ | 退屈 |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| fall down 動詞 | /fɔl ˈdaʊn/ | 落ちる |
| wake up 動詞 | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | 目覚める, 目を覚ます |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 現在完了進行形 have/has been + -ing — 以前に始まり今も続いている動作 | you've probably been looking · have been asking |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | has looked · hasn't been pinpointed · has shown |
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | is experienced · been pinpointed · are inactivated |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | autopilot, which is · job, which is · people who observe |
注意したい発音
話し手はyou're, aren't, I'llなど、短縮形や弱形を16回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: conscious /ˈkɑn.ʃəs/, contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, convulsion /kənˈvʌlʃən/, noxious /ˈnɑkʃəs/, shiver /ˈʃɪvɚ/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: involuntary /ɪnˈvɑ.lənˌtɛɹ.i/, abbreviate /əˈbɹi.vi.eɪt/, autopilot /ˈɔtoʊˌpaɪlət/, heritable /ˈhɛɹɪtəbəl/, hypnagogic /ˌhɪpnəˈɡɑd͡ʒɪk/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: involuntary /ɪnˈvɑ.lənˌtɛɹ.i/, reflex /ˈɹiːflɛks/, heritable /ˈhɛɹɪtəbəl/, harmless /ˈhɑɹmləs/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: involuntary /ɪnˈvɑ.lənˌtɛɹ.i/, nerve /nɝv/, abbreviate /əˈbɹi.vi.eɪt/, convulsion /kənˈvʌlʃən/, digestive /daɪˈdʒɛstɪv/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: reflex /ˈɹiːflɛks/, diaphragm /ˈdaɪəˌfɹæm/, frustrate /ˈfɹʌsˌtɹeɪt/, caffeine /ˈkæfiːn/, drift /dɹɪft/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。yawn, sneeze, hiccupなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。