Практика Shadowing: 5 Weird Involuntary Behaviors Explained! - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
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We like to think we walk through our lives completely conscious,
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free to choose whatever we like, totally, completely in control.
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Not even close.
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Our bodies leave a lot to autopilot, which is a good thing, because imagine having to regulate your heartbeat and your breathing and your digestive system and your body temperature,
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while not peeing your pants and falling down.
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That would be hard.
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Many of those involuntary actions are mysterious, annoying, and just plain weird.
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Here are five of the human body's strangest out-of-control behaviors.
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Start typing why does my into Google, and the top result is an eye-opener.
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Involuntary twitching of the muscles around the eye has a number of causes, including dry eyes, caffeine, bright lights, and just like during a tough workout, from simple fatigue.
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It's usually totally harmless and eventually goes away on its own, and it's a good hint that you've probably been looking at that screen enough for one day.
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Looking at bright light can cause more than an eye twitch.
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In Aristotle's book of problems, he asks, why is it that one sneezes more after one has looked at the sun?
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Proving that people have been asking a lot of the same questions for a long time, and no one told Aristotle that you're not supposed to stare at the sun.
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Like, ever.
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The so-called photic sneeze reflex, aka the autosomal cholinergic heliophthalmic outburst,
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abbreviated achoo, yes, seriously, is experienced by about one in four people, leading scientists to believe that it is genetically heritable.
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While the exact cause hasn't been pinpointed, Many scientists think that it's due to crosstalk between the optic nerve
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and the nerve that feeds the tickling sensation in your nose.
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The visual cortex of sun-sneezing people is also prone to overstimulation, which might send the sneeze-sensing parts of their brain haywire.
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Have you ever been just about to go to sleep, walking through the gates to dreamland, only to have the floor pulled out from under you and suddenly you're falling and then you wake up?
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These frustrating sleep starts have another cool medical name, hypnagogic myoclonus.
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When we drift off, the areas of our brain that control motor function are inactivated, in favor of those that control our sleep cycles.
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Which is why you can dream about riding your bike without actually moving your feet.
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As the sleepy part of your brain fights with the awake and moving parts of your brain, that battle can spontaneously tip back in favor of the motor control side,
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and then suddenly you're like, whoa, I'm awake.
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Sleep starts aren't the only myocloni that we experience.
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Makeups are an uncontrollable contraction of the diaphragm muscle that we use to draw air into our lungs.
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About a quarter second after that muscle contracts, the vocal cords snap shut, creating that characteristic… Scientists still aren't sure what causes them,
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but possible explanations include hiccups being an evolutionary remnant from a few hundred million years ago, when our ancestors still had to pump water over their gills.
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Or, since hiccups mainly happen in mammals, that they they started as a way for nursing infants to clear air from their stomachs.
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If you want to get rid of hiccups, it seems that increasing the amount of CO2 in your blood can do the job, which is why common remedies include drinking water, holding our breath, or breathing into a paper bag.
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Yawning, another long, slow, involuntary form of breathing, is common throughout the animal kingdom, and it even happens in the womb.
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We know it's associated with sleep and boredom, but that doesn't explain why it happens.
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Unlike most human behaviors, if you stop and think about yawning long enough, it starts to become a really weird thing to do.
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Hippocrates believed that yawns released noxious fumes that had built up in the body, but modern medicine has shown us that that usually happens on the other end of the body.
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We also know that about 50% of people who observe a yawn will yawn in response, so it's thought to be a social cue to synchronize our biological clocks.
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One theory says yawns might even cool the brain slightly to make us more alert as we get bored or sleepy.
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Even watching someone talk for extended periods of time can induce yawning.
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So next time you're getting bored in class, tell your teacher it's Mother Nature's fault.
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Finally, I'll leave you with one bonus behavior, post-micturition convulsion syndrome, or the pee shivers.
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This is another behavior for which scientists haven't quite shaken out all the details,
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but some believe it's simply because we're exposing sensitive areas of our body to the cold while we expel some internal warmth.
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They might also arise from a bit of conflict between our autonomous nervous system that's usually quietly keeping all that pee inside,
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and the part of our conscious mind that's in charge of the plumbing at that moment.
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These weird, wild, and often twitchy behaviors may define nice neat explanations, and yes, sometimes they are very annoying, but in the great movie that is life,
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they're a nice reminder of all the amazing things going on behind the scenes.
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Here's a reflex action, you click subscribe, and I'll see you again next week.
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Stay curious.
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When the mercury plummets, we don't actually feel the temperature.
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We feel the flow of energy.
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We feel the heat.
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Feel, feel, feel, feel my heat.
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Or really, we feel the unheat, because cold can never move into something.
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It's heat flowing out.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «5 Weird Involuntary Behaviors Explained!». Чаще всего повторяются слова: behavior, brain, sleep, yawn, scientists. В этом видео 55 предложений и 931 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 5:12. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 179 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 80% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| yawn глагол | /jɔn/ | зева́ть, зевну́ть |
| sneeze глагол | /sniːz/ | чиха́ть, чихну́ть |
| hiccup существительное | /ˈhɪkʌp/ | ико́та |
| involuntary прилагательное | /ɪnˈvɑ.lənˌtɛɹ.i/ | нево́льный, непроизво́льный |
| annoy глагол | /əˈnoɪ̯/ | надоеда́ть, надое́сть |
| reflex существительное | /ˈɹiːflɛks/ | рефле́кс |
| sleepy прилагательное | /ˈsliːpi/ | со́нный, сонли́вый |
| twitch существительное | /twɪt͡ʃ/ | подёргивание, су́дорога |
| bore глагол | /boɹ/ | надоеда́ть, надое́сть |
| awake глагол | /əˈweɪk/ | просыпа́ться, просну́ться |
| conscious прилагательное | /ˈkɑn.ʃəs/ | находя́щийся в сознании, сознаю́щий |
| nerve существительное | /nɝv/ | нерв |
| abbreviate глагол | /əˈbɹi.vi.eɪt/ | сокраща́ть, сократи́ть |
| ancestor существительное | /ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/ | пре́док, прароди́тель |
| autopilot существительное | /ˈɔtoʊˌpaɪlət/ | автопило́т |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| fall down глагол | /fɔl ˈdaʊn/ | па́дать, упа́сть |
| wake up глагол | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | просыпа́ться, просну́ться |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Present Perfect Continuous have/has been + -ing — действие началось раньше и продолжается | you've probably been looking · have been asking |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | has looked · hasn't been pinpointed · has shown |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | is experienced · been pinpointed · are inactivated |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | autopilot, which is · job, which is · people who observe |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 16 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например you're, aren't, I'll. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: conscious /ˈkɑn.ʃəs/, contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, convulsion /kənˈvʌlʃən/, noxious /ˈnɑkʃəs/, shiver /ˈʃɪvɚ/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: involuntary /ɪnˈvɑ.lənˌtɛɹ.i/, abbreviate /əˈbɹi.vi.eɪt/, autopilot /ˈɔtoʊˌpaɪlət/, heritable /ˈhɛɹɪtəbəl/, hypnagogic /ˌhɪpnəˈɡɑd͡ʒɪk/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: twitch /twɪt͡ʃ/, awake /əˈweɪk/, haywire /ˈheɪ.waɪɚ/, twitchy /ˈtwɪt͡ʃi/, womb /wuːm/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: hiccup /ˈhɪkʌp/, haywire /ˈheɪ.waɪɚ/, heritable /ˈhɛɹɪtəbəl/, hypnagogic /ˌhɪpnəˈɡɑd͡ʒɪk/, heartbeat /ˈhɑɹtˌbit/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: sneeze /sniːz/, nerve /nɝv/, digestive /daɪˈdʒɛstɪv/, synchronize /ˈsɪŋ.kɹə.naɪːz/, fatigue /fəˈtiːɡ/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как yawn, sneeze, hiccup.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.