쉐도잉 연습: How This Pen Changed The World - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
레슨 만드는 중...
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This is the Bic Crystal, possibly the most successful product ever made.
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No matter where you are in the world, you'll find this pen in homes, offices, schools, and pretty much everywhere else.
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This iconic design has reached every corner of the earth, and at some point in your life, you've almost certainly used this pen.
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Since its release in 1950, more than 100 billion of these pens have been sold worldwide, blowing the next best-selling products out of the water.
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Amazingly, the design has remained basically unchanged for over 70 years.
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And it still continues to dominate the world, with 14 million being sold every day.
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The impact this pen had on the world was monumental.
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Pen prices dropped and literacy rates shot up.
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But what made this pen so successful?
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We modeled every last detail to show you the incredible story behind this pen
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and how its clever use of physics made it the most perfect design.
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But to really understand how revolutionary this pen was, we need to go back in time.
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In the past, pens were expensive and difficult to use.
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Traditional quills were messy and had to be constantly dipped in ink.
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Because of this, writing was seen as more of an art form, limited to those who could use a pen.
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Then the fountain pen was invented, which had a metallic nib and could store the ink inside the pen's reservoir.
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Although this was an improvement, the nib was scratchy and couldn't control the flow of ink.
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On top of this, they were still super expensive, costing around $150 in today's money.
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At the time, only around 20% of the world could read and write, and this wasn't making it any easier.
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But at the end of the 19th century, a breakthrough was made.
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American inventor John Loud came up with a mechanism
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that fed the ink onto the page using a small ball instead of a thin nib.
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This would in theory spread the ink more evenly and stop it from blotching.
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He had just invented the ballpoint pen.
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While this design worked well on tougher surfaces, it was too rough on paper, and so his pen never sold.
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Decades went by, and many new designs were made, but none of them could master the ballpoint pen.
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If the ball was too tight in its socket, the ink would clog up and it wouldn't reach the paper.
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If it was too loose, the ink would leak out and smear all over the page.
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Getting this right was extremely difficult, since the tiny ball was difficult to make with any kind of accuracy.
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Then came Laszlo Biro, a man with a name you might recognize.
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He realized that the solution was in the ink.
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Most pens at the time used thin, water-based ink, which was leaky, slow-drying, and would seep through the fibers of the paper.
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It also relied on gravity to feed the ink into the ball, which, depending on the angle of the pen, gave really poor results.
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He started experimenting with oil-based inks, which were thicker, dried almost instantly, and sat on top of the paper instead of seeping through.
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This turned out to be a stroke of genius, and it unlocked a unique physical effect that caused the ink to be mysteriously pulled onto the ball,
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without gravity or any external forces.
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This is called capillary action, and it's what allows water to climb tree roots and nutrients to flow around our body.
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We can see this effect in action by placing a thin tube into some water and watching it climb.
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But what's happening here?
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The attraction between the liquid and the walls of the tube is stronger than the attraction that binds the liquid particles together.
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And so the particles at the top get pulled up by the side of the tube, until the weight of the water eventually cancels out the force.
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In Biro's pen, this effect was happening upside down.
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The ink was being pulled through the ultra-thin walls of the tip and onto the ball, ensuring that it was constantly covered in ink.
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Biro quickly patented his design and sent it over to the patent office using AnyDesk.
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Just kidding, AnyDesk weren't around then.
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But they are around now.
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Anydesk, today's sponsor, is a remote access service that allows you to control your device from anywhere in the world.
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All of the animations in this video were made on a MacBook but rendered on a PC.
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With Anydesk, I can send the Blender files to my PC and hit Render no matter where I am in the world.
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Anydesk is also an easy way to send
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and receive files directly from other computers without needing to upload them to the cloud.
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Even with poor internet, AnyDesk is lightning fast.
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It has its own special codec
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that transfers the video of your computer at an extremely low bitrate without a noticeable drop in quality.
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AnyDesk works on all platforms and best of all, it's free to use for personal use and they also have tailor-made plans for businesses.
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To get AnyDesk for free and support the channel, visit AnyDesk.com slash Primal Space.
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In order to master the ballpoint pen, Byro came up with a new design that would pull the ink onto the ball without gravity or moving parts,
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producing a consistent and smooth line on the page.
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Byro mastered his design and his pen became a hit in South America.
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But there was still one huge problem.
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The cheapest pen he offered cost an incredible $190 in today's money.
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And so although the design was great, he never achieved mass market success.
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At this point, literacy rates had only hit around 33%, and pens remained a luxury item.
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But just a few years later, French manufacturer Marcel Biche discovered Bayreau's pen and saw a huge opportunity.
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He bought the patents for $2 million and began designing a new
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and improved version that could be mass produced for a much cheaper price.
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With the help of state-of-the-art Swiss watchmaking machines, he developed a method for mass producing tiny stainless steel balls to within a fraction of a millimeter.
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Instead of using metal for the rest of the pen, he bought machines that could mold plastic, something that had only been around for a few years at this point.
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This was the end result.
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Although it may just look like a pen, it's hard to overstate just how perfect this design turned out to be.
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There were no moving parts, springs, or complex materials, yet every element had multiple purposes.
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Let's take a closer look.
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The pen had a hexagonal barrel, like a pencil, which stopped it from rolling off tables and made it easier to grip.
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It was made from polystyrene, which was strong, cheap, and transparent, allowing the ink level to be seen at all times.
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There was a tiny hole on the barrel, which allowed air to enter and replace ink as it left the pen.
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The ink inside the cartridge was a special recipe that maximized the capillary effect while still producing a good quality line.
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The ink flowed into the tip of the pen which contained the stainless steel ball.
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The ball was machined so accurately and could move just enough to spin and deposit ink onto the page.
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When the pen wasn't being used the ball would create a seal, stopping ink from leaking out of the bottom.
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If the pen was turned upside down the Capillary action
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and the surface tension of the ink would stop it from falling out the back of the pen.
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The lid, which also doubled as a clip, was made from polypropylene, which absorbed impacts and stopped the pen from cracking.
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The pen was so perfectly simple and solved every problem that plagued previous pens.
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Most of all, it was cheap, hitting the market in 1950 at just $2 dollars.
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It was an instant success, selling around 10,000 units daily in France during its first year.
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Marcel realized how English-speaking countries were pronouncing his name, so he dropped the H, and the BIC name was born.
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Marcel understood the importance of economies of scale, and he quickly expanded to other continents, setting up factories all over the world.
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By 1953, he was already selling 40 million pens per year, and the Bic Crystal took over the world.
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Now anyone in the world who wanted to write or draw could do so, and it was easy.
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The world had secretly been begging for this product, and it came at the perfect time.
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Over the next 50 years, 100 billion of these pens were sold, and literacy rates went from 35 to almost 90%.
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It's almost impossible to imagine life without this pen,
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and the fact that its design has remained almost exactly the same since day one shows just how perfect it was.
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And now for the Primal Space giveaway.
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The winner of the previous giveaway is Adrian.
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Congrats!
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In the next video, we'll be giving away this Primal Space designed space shuttle print, available in our store.
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All you need to do is sign up at the link below, like the video, and leave a comment saying what you think of this pen's design.
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Thank you very much for watching, and I'll see you in the next video.
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 B2 수준 말하기 레슨은 영상 “How This Pen Changed The World”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: pen, ink, design, ball, Anydesk. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 99개와 단어 1556개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 9:08입니다. 화자는 분당 약 170단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 80%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에서 가장 어려운 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| capillary 명사 | /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/ | 모세관, 모세혈관 |
| literacy 명사 | /ˈlɪtəɹəsi/ | 문해 |
| patent 명사 | /ˈpeɪtənt/ | 특허, 특허권 |
| invent 동사 | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | 발명하다 |
| particle 명사 | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | 입자, 립자 |
| leak 명사 | /liːk/ | 누설, 루설 |
| barrel 명사 | /ˈbæɹəl/ | 통 |
| bitrate 명사 | /ˈbɪtˌɹeɪt/ | 비트전송율 |
| millimetre 명사 | 밀리미터, 밀리 | |
| polypropylene 명사 | 폴리프로필렌 | |
| nutrient 명사 | /ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/ | 영양소 |
| socket 명사 | /ˈsɑkɪt/ | 소케트, 콘센트 |
| cartridge 명사 | /ˈkɑɹtɹɪd͡ʒ/ | 탄약통 |
| inventor 명사 | /ɪnˈvɛntɚ/ | 발명가, 발명자 |
| tailor 명사 | /ˈteɪlɚ/ | 재단사 |
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | have been sold · being sold · was seen |
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | has reached · have been sold · has remained |
| 관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보 | those who could · ink, which was · inks, which were |
주의할 발음
화자는 wasn't, couldn't, I'll 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 9번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: attraction /əˈtɹækʃn̩/, shuttle /ˈʃʌtəl/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, revolutionary /ˌɹɛvəˈluʃənɛɹi/, animation /ˌæn.ɪˈmeɪ.ʃən/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: capillary /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/, literacy /ˈlɪtəɹəsi/, hexagonal /hɛkˈsæɡ.ə.nəl/, monumental /ˌmɑnjəˈmɛntəl/, polystyrene /pɒliˈstaɪriːn/
한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:
- /f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: fountain /ˈfaʊn.tɪn/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, fiber /ˈfaɪ.bɚ/
- /v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, overstate /ˌoʊ.vɚˈsteɪt/, inventor /ɪnˈvɛntɚ/, evenly /ˈiːvənli/, reservoir /ˈɹɛz.ə(ɹ).vwɑɹ/
- /z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: maximize /ˈmæksəmaɪz/, amazingly /əˈmeɪzɪŋli/, reservoir /ˈɹɛz.ə(ɹ).vwɑɹ/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, capillary, literacy, patent 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.