シャドーイング練習: How This Pen Changed The World - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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This is the Bic Crystal, possibly the most successful product ever made.
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No matter where you are in the world, you'll find this pen in homes, offices, schools, and pretty much everywhere else.
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This iconic design has reached every corner of the earth, and at some point in your life, you've almost certainly used this pen.
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Since its release in 1950, more than 100 billion of these pens have been sold worldwide, blowing the next best-selling products out of the water.
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Amazingly, the design has remained basically unchanged for over 70 years.
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And it still continues to dominate the world, with 14 million being sold every day.
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The impact this pen had on the world was monumental.
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Pen prices dropped and literacy rates shot up.
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But what made this pen so successful?
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We modeled every last detail to show you the incredible story behind this pen
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and how its clever use of physics made it the most perfect design.
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But to really understand how revolutionary this pen was, we need to go back in time.
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In the past, pens were expensive and difficult to use.
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Traditional quills were messy and had to be constantly dipped in ink.
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Because of this, writing was seen as more of an art form, limited to those who could use a pen.
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Then the fountain pen was invented, which had a metallic nib and could store the ink inside the pen's reservoir.
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Although this was an improvement, the nib was scratchy and couldn't control the flow of ink.
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On top of this, they were still super expensive, costing around $150 in today's money.
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At the time, only around 20% of the world could read and write, and this wasn't making it any easier.
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But at the end of the 19th century, a breakthrough was made.
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American inventor John Loud came up with a mechanism
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that fed the ink onto the page using a small ball instead of a thin nib.
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This would in theory spread the ink more evenly and stop it from blotching.
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He had just invented the ballpoint pen.
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While this design worked well on tougher surfaces, it was too rough on paper, and so his pen never sold.
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Decades went by, and many new designs were made, but none of them could master the ballpoint pen.
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If the ball was too tight in its socket, the ink would clog up and it wouldn't reach the paper.
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If it was too loose, the ink would leak out and smear all over the page.
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Getting this right was extremely difficult, since the tiny ball was difficult to make with any kind of accuracy.
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Then came Laszlo Biro, a man with a name you might recognize.
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He realized that the solution was in the ink.
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Most pens at the time used thin, water-based ink, which was leaky, slow-drying, and would seep through the fibers of the paper.
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It also relied on gravity to feed the ink into the ball, which, depending on the angle of the pen, gave really poor results.
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He started experimenting with oil-based inks, which were thicker, dried almost instantly, and sat on top of the paper instead of seeping through.
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This turned out to be a stroke of genius, and it unlocked a unique physical effect that caused the ink to be mysteriously pulled onto the ball,
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without gravity or any external forces.
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This is called capillary action, and it's what allows water to climb tree roots and nutrients to flow around our body.
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We can see this effect in action by placing a thin tube into some water and watching it climb.
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But what's happening here?
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The attraction between the liquid and the walls of the tube is stronger than the attraction that binds the liquid particles together.
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And so the particles at the top get pulled up by the side of the tube, until the weight of the water eventually cancels out the force.
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In Biro's pen, this effect was happening upside down.
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The ink was being pulled through the ultra-thin walls of the tip and onto the ball, ensuring that it was constantly covered in ink.
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Biro quickly patented his design and sent it over to the patent office using AnyDesk.
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Just kidding, AnyDesk weren't around then.
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But they are around now.
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Anydesk, today's sponsor, is a remote access service that allows you to control your device from anywhere in the world.
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All of the animations in this video were made on a MacBook but rendered on a PC.
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With Anydesk, I can send the Blender files to my PC and hit Render no matter where I am in the world.
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Anydesk is also an easy way to send
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and receive files directly from other computers without needing to upload them to the cloud.
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Even with poor internet, AnyDesk is lightning fast.
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It has its own special codec
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that transfers the video of your computer at an extremely low bitrate without a noticeable drop in quality.
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AnyDesk works on all platforms and best of all, it's free to use for personal use and they also have tailor-made plans for businesses.
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To get AnyDesk for free and support the channel, visit AnyDesk.com slash Primal Space.
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In order to master the ballpoint pen, Byro came up with a new design that would pull the ink onto the ball without gravity or moving parts,
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producing a consistent and smooth line on the page.
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Byro mastered his design and his pen became a hit in South America.
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But there was still one huge problem.
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The cheapest pen he offered cost an incredible $190 in today's money.
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And so although the design was great, he never achieved mass market success.
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At this point, literacy rates had only hit around 33%, and pens remained a luxury item.
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But just a few years later, French manufacturer Marcel Biche discovered Bayreau's pen and saw a huge opportunity.
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He bought the patents for $2 million and began designing a new
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and improved version that could be mass produced for a much cheaper price.
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With the help of state-of-the-art Swiss watchmaking machines, he developed a method for mass producing tiny stainless steel balls to within a fraction of a millimeter.
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Instead of using metal for the rest of the pen, he bought machines that could mold plastic, something that had only been around for a few years at this point.
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This was the end result.
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Although it may just look like a pen, it's hard to overstate just how perfect this design turned out to be.
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There were no moving parts, springs, or complex materials, yet every element had multiple purposes.
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Let's take a closer look.
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The pen had a hexagonal barrel, like a pencil, which stopped it from rolling off tables and made it easier to grip.
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It was made from polystyrene, which was strong, cheap, and transparent, allowing the ink level to be seen at all times.
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There was a tiny hole on the barrel, which allowed air to enter and replace ink as it left the pen.
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The ink inside the cartridge was a special recipe that maximized the capillary effect while still producing a good quality line.
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The ink flowed into the tip of the pen which contained the stainless steel ball.
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The ball was machined so accurately and could move just enough to spin and deposit ink onto the page.
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When the pen wasn't being used the ball would create a seal, stopping ink from leaking out of the bottom.
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If the pen was turned upside down the Capillary action
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and the surface tension of the ink would stop it from falling out the back of the pen.
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The lid, which also doubled as a clip, was made from polypropylene, which absorbed impacts and stopped the pen from cracking.
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The pen was so perfectly simple and solved every problem that plagued previous pens.
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Most of all, it was cheap, hitting the market in 1950 at just $2 dollars.
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It was an instant success, selling around 10,000 units daily in France during its first year.
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Marcel realized how English-speaking countries were pronouncing his name, so he dropped the H, and the BIC name was born.
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Marcel understood the importance of economies of scale, and he quickly expanded to other continents, setting up factories all over the world.
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By 1953, he was already selling 40 million pens per year, and the Bic Crystal took over the world.
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Now anyone in the world who wanted to write or draw could do so, and it was easy.
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The world had secretly been begging for this product, and it came at the perfect time.
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Over the next 50 years, 100 billion of these pens were sold, and literacy rates went from 35 to almost 90%.
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It's almost impossible to imagine life without this pen,
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and the fact that its design has remained almost exactly the same since day one shows just how perfect it was.
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And now for the Primal Space giveaway.
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The winner of the previous giveaway is Adrian.
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Congrats!
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In the next video, we'll be giving away this Primal Space designed space shuttle print, available in our store.
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All you need to do is sign up at the link below, like the video, and leave a comment saying what you think of this pen's design.
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Thank you very much for watching, and I'll see you in the next video.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このB2レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「How This Pen Changed The World」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：pen, ink, design, ball, Anydesk。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が99文、単語が1556語あります。 音声の長さは9:08です。 話す速さは1分あたり約170語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は80%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| capillary 名詞 | /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/ | 毛細血管, 毛管 |
| patent 名詞 | /ˈpeɪtənt/ | 特許, 専売特許 |
| seep 動詞 | /siːp/ | にじみ出る |
| invent 動詞 | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | 発明する |
| particle 名詞 | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | 粒子 |
| leak 名詞 | /liːk/ | 漏れ口 |
| barrel 名詞 | /ˈbæɹəl/ | 樽 |
| bitrate 名詞 | /ˈbɪtˌɹeɪt/ | ビットレート |
| millimetre 名詞 | ミリメートル, ミリ | |
| polypropylene 名詞 | ポリプロピレン | |
| polystyrene 名詞 | /pɒliˈstaɪriːn/ | ポリスチレン |
| nutrient 名詞 | /ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/ | 栄養, 栄養素 |
| socket 名詞 | /ˈsɑkɪt/ | コンセント |
| cartridge 名詞 | /ˈkɑɹtɹɪd͡ʒ/ | 実包 |
| inventor 名詞 | /ɪnˈvɛntɚ/ | 発明者 |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| pull up 動詞 | /ˌpʊl ˈʌp/ | 引き上げる |
| take over 動詞 | 引き受ける |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | have been sold · being sold · was seen |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | has reached · have been sold · has remained |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | those who could · ink, which was · inks, which were |
注意したい発音
話し手はwasn't, couldn't, I'llなど、短縮形や弱形を9回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: attraction /əˈtɹækʃn̩/, shuttle /ˈʃʌtəl/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, revolutionary /ˌɹɛvəˈluʃənɛɹi/, animation /ˌæn.ɪˈmeɪ.ʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: capillary /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/, literacy /ˈlɪtəɹəsi/, hexagonal /hɛkˈsæɡ.ə.nəl/, monumental /ˌmɑnjəˈmɛntəl/, polystyrene /pɒliˈstaɪriːn/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: capillary /ˈkæpəˌlɛri/, literacy /ˈlɪtəɹəsi/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/, barrel /ˈbæɹəl/, polystyrene /pɒliˈstaɪriːn/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, overstate /ˌoʊ.vɚˈsteɪt/, inventor /ɪnˈvɛntɚ/, evenly /ˈiːvənli/, reservoir /ˈɹɛz.ə(ɹ).vwɑɹ/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: fountain /ˈfaʊn.tɪn/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, fiber /ˈfaɪ.bɚ/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。capillary, patent, seepなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。