쉐도잉 연습: The Worst War You Never Learned About, Mapped - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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It's 1991, and the Soviet Union is fracturing.

And down here, another communist party is failing.

Yugoslavia, a federation of six countries, is ripping itself apart.

Their economy is in ruin, and they're replacing communism with nationalism, the kind that thrives on focusing on ethnic and religious differences.

By the end of 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia have all declared independence.

Macedonia is allowed to leave peacefully, but Slovenia and Croatia fight wars to be independent from Yugoslavia.

And then you have Serbia, populated primarily by Christian Serbs, and they were not going to let Yugoslavia fully fall apart.

Together with Montenegro, they attempt to become the successor state to Yugoslavia.

After all, it was they who held the most power in Yugoslavia, and who comprised the majority of the Yugoslav army.

They didn't want independent states.

They wanted to hold on to their majority, to their power.

Another country in this crumbling federation was the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Almost half of this country were Bosnian Muslims, called Bosniaks, and about a third were Christian Serbs,

similar to the Christian Serbs living up here but living in Bosnia.

The other 17 % were Croats.

For a long time, these groups had lived side by side in relative peace.

They had a common ideology, communism, the idea of Yugoslavia.

But as all these new countries were being created, no one wanted to end up in a new nation controlled by the other side.

So it's late 1991, and a largely Croat region declares itself an independent state from Bosnia.

It wasn't recognized internationally.

While some Croat leaders want to secede from the country entirely, they first agree to cooperate with the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina,

acting like a state within a state.

The next year, Bosnia holds an independence vote.

63 % of the population turns out, and the results are that 99 % of the voters say yes, they want to be independent from Yugoslavia.

These numbers imply that it was mostly Bosniaks that voted, with the Bosnian Serbs boycotting the vote,

as most were against becoming a minority in a new Bosnia.

So after the independence vote passed, the Bosnian Serbs declared their own state within the borders of Bosnia.

It was called Republika Srpska.

No one recognized this new self -declared country besides one, and it was the one that mattered.

Serbia and Montenegro now had this leader, an important part of the story.

His name was Slobodan Milosevic.

He recognizes the new Serb state within

Bosnia, and this marks the start of the Bosnian War.

now before we go on we have to look back up here at serbia

this leader milosevic this guy was a hyper nationalist he made his career stirring up ethnic tensions between serbs croats and bosniacs

so he's seen all of this as a good thing as

an opportunity to further his vision of creating a a new greater

Serbian nation across the former Yugoslavia.

And remember, Serbia is where the capital of the former Yugoslavia was.

The Yugoslav army is dominated by Serbs.

So Milosevic is able to direct

this professional army to launch an offensive to help the Serbians in Bosnia secure their new claimed territory.

To fight back, the Bosniaks and Croats form an alliance to protect their own chances of independence.

But Serbs have this large professional army on their side.

It's much more powerful, and it quickly surrounds the Bosnian capital city, positioning tanks, artillery, and snipers on the hills around the city,

blocking roads and supply routes.

Their goal is to take the capital as fast as possible, and to end this war quickly.

They start firing indiscriminately, attacking civilian populations with tanks, artillery, and sniper fire, killing thousands in a siege that would last for years.

And while this city was majority Bosniak, Croats and Serbs lived there too.

But the Serbs pummeled it anyway.

The UN quickly attempts to negotiate with Milosevic and Serb forces, and they reach a quick agreement to withdraw the Yugoslav army.

But what really happens is the Yugoslav army just gives up control of around 100 ,000 Serb troops,

who mostly continue fighting for the Serbs in Bosnia.

As Yugoslav forces withdraw from Sarajevo as part of this agreement, the retreating forces are attacked by Bosniak troops.

An unknown number of Yugoslav army personnel are killed, Bosniak commanders would later be charged with war crimes for this attack.

As the war rages on, Serbs escalate the brutality all over the country, routinely identifying Bosniak homes, ransacking and burning them down,

rounding up civilians, separating the men from the women, and sending the men to concentration camps or executing them.

Women are sent to prisons where they suffer abuses

and human rights violations that I'm not going to describe here for how atrocious they are.

You can go to the sources for details.

The point here is

that what the Serbs are doing is starting to look like an ethnic cleansing of the land they claimed.

Meanwhile, the international community is hesitant to get too involved beyond cutting off the Yugoslav economy with sanctions,

and the UN sends food, medicine, and peacekeeping soldiers.

They also cut off the flow of weapons from the outside.

But the UN mostly sticks to its peacekeeping principles.

Not interfering in the conflict.

Not stopping the advance of the Serbs or the ongoing ethnic cleansing that has begun.

But the situation in Bosnia is getting worse.

The alliance between Bosniaks and Croats is falling apart.

They start fighting each other.

So now Bosniak forces are fighting the Serbs on one side and their former allies, the Croats, on the other.

A war within a war.

As this new complicated stage of the conflict starts, Croat forces surround and begin an attack in the city of Mostar,

a city that the two had once defended together back in 1992 against the Serbs.

Croat forces capture large portions of the city.

They blow up Bosniak mosques and murder Bosniak civilians in their wake.

Things are getting bad and in response to these worsening conditions in Bosnia,

the UN gets NATO forces to come to Bosnia to enforce a no -fly zone,

basically committing them to shoot down any planes flying over the country.

But this does nothing to stop the ethnic cleansing that continues to escalate on the ground.

So the next year, the UN establishes safe zones across the country to protect civilians fleeing the war,

particularly Bosniaks, who are fleeing ethnic cleansing by the Serb armies.

But the UN is only as powerful as its member nations are willing to let them be.

And it turns out member nations are not willing to commit enough troops to actually fortify these safe zones.

Serb forces regularly show up and attack the civilians in these safe zones.

The United States, who's still trying to stay out of this war, helps negotiate peace between the Croats and the Bosniaks,

thus ending the war within the war.

They sign an agreement in March of 1994, re -establishing the Federal Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

And most importantly, they renew their alliance to fight against the Serbs.

Things slowly start to change in 1994.

Bosnian Serbs decline a peace deal offered by the UN.

In response, Milosevic, who is now feeling the consequences of being cut off from the global economy, now cuts ties with the Bosnian Serbs,

refusing to send them more weapons and money.

He wants to remain in power, controlling his new Yugoslavia, and hopes

that cutting ties with the Bosnian Serbs who are doing all

these terrible things will convince the West to begin trading with him again.

So Milosevic's support is now gone, but even still, the Bosnian Serbs continue their campaign of horror, committing atrocities all over the country.

But it's not just the Serbs.

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Bosniaks and Croats have also devolved into committing terrible, violent human rights abuses against civilians.

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As the war rages on, NATO continues to enforce their no -fly zone,

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shooting down a Serb jet and getting more and more pulled into this conflict as Serb forces get bolder.

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Former President Jimmy Carter travels to Bosnia and negotiates a four -month ceasefire.

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It mostly holds, with a few exceptions.

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But the ceasefire expires.

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They can't agree on a new one, and the fighting starts again.

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Serb forces are able to steal heavy weapons from the UN and then use them to kill civilians.

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NATO continues to ramp up airstrikes.

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Serb forces respond by taking UN peacekeepers hostage and shooting down a US F -16.

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Serb forces are feeling emboldened at this point.

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They have consistently held around 70 % of the land in Bosnia, and even pushed back UN peacekeepers without major consequences

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and they see an opportunity for one last big offensive to end the war and secure all of this land.

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They just need to take over the UN safe zones, kick the UN out,

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and then take Sarajevo with overwhelming force so

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they target the town of Srebrenica a UN safe zone where

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nearly 10 ,000 Bosniaks are seeking refuge the UN had taken away their weapons.

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They were totally unarmed, but protected by UN forces.

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On July 11th, 1995, 2 ,000 Serb soldiers march into the town.

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They meet no resistance from the UN soldiers,

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who decided to maintain their neutrality and defend supplies and food for their refugees instead of the people themselves.

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But these UN soldiers were really just 370 Dutch soldiers.

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They were outmatched anyway.

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So some retreat, others are captured.

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The Serb forces then round up 8 ,000 Bosniak men and boys, and then they systematically execute them,

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comprising the deadliest genocide on European soil

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World War II.

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The surviving refugees, abandoned by the international community, flee the violence in Srebrenica.

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They flood to other areas, telling the stories of this mass murder.

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The UN would later report that all sides violated the Geneva Conventions, but described the Serb offensive as, quote, systematic ethnic cleansing.

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And at this point, the United States can no longer stand by and watch this happen.

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So in late 1995, the Clinton administration pursues a new strategy.

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They plan for the UN to eventually pull out of Bosnia.

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The US and NATO would keep them safe.

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The plan also ensured that the US would be allowed to send weapons to the Bosnian government.

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The US then proposed a peace plan, one that divided

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Bosnia into two entities, one for Serbs and one for Bosniaks.

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These regions would have some autonomy, and Bosniaks would control 51 % of the country.

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Both sides considered the U .S.'s plan, but the fighting continued.

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But now with the international community squarely on their side, the Croats conduct a successful offensive in 1995 that takes back significant land from the Serbs,

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and the Bosniaks gain momentum in the war.

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The balance of power is shifting, which forces the Serbs back to negotiating table to cut their losses.

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After many rounds of negotiation, and with the Serb forces seeing the tide of the war turn against them,

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the Dayton Accords are signed in December 1995 by the presidents of Croatia, Bosnia, and Serbia.

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On behalf of all of us who would come to see this peace take hold, you have seen what war has wrought,

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you know what peace can bring.

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It was this agreement that eventually gave us these modern borders that divide the country into two.

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You have the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is composed mostly of Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats, and over here the Republika Srpska,

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composed mostly of Bosnian Serbs, which is somewhat independent with its own political system and its own judiciary,

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but it's still a part of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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So the war is over.

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Around a hundred thousand people died during this violence and many more millions were forced to flee from their homes.

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The the majority of which were Bosnian Muslims.

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A United Nations criminal tribunal eventually tried 161 people for various war crimes committed during this war.

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Slobodan Milosevic went to jail for the rest of his life because of his crimes against humanity, his war crimes and genocide.

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He died before the end of his trial.

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The war reshaped this country, solidifying the ethnic divides that had been at the root of the conflict.

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Today, Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats live in relative peace, though the country faces new threats to that peace,

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threats that are facing lots of parts of the world.

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Rising nationalism, a reverence for former Serb war criminals, and more calls for Serb independence.

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The memory of the atrocities committed during this conflict still haunts this place, both in the physical scars on the land,

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but most powerfully in the bodies and minds of its people.

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This is a complicated story and there are lots of feelings about it.

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People watching this probably disagree with the way that I frame certain things,

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but we did our best to be fair and factual and to give the best overview we could.

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I appreciate you all watching.

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I hope you enjoyed this map video.

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We're wanting to do more of these.

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I used to do these a lot back in the old days

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when I was at Vox and I sort of moved away from it

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and I want to get back to it

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so leave me a note here in the comments

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if this is a format

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that you like what conflicts you think

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i should take on what complex issues would benefit from being mapped in this way

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so that's it lots going on around here we're making lots of really really interesting stories right now

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that you will be seeing in coming weeks

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or you'll be seeing a week early if you subscribe to nebula okay bye everyone

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “The Worst War You Never Learned About, Mapped”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: Serb, Bosniak, Bosnia, force, Croat. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 177개와 단어 2284개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 14:04입니다. 화자는 분당 약 162단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 78%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
ethnic 형용사	/ˈɛθ.nɪk/	민족(民族)의
negotiate 동사	/nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/	교섭하다
flee 동사	/ˈfliː/	달아나다, 도망치다
alliance 명사	/əˈlaɪ.əns/	동맹
federation 명사	/ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/	연방, 련방
divide 동사	/dɪˈvaɪd/	나누다, 가르다
relative 명사	/ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/	친척
complicated 형용사	/ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/	복잡하다
defend 동사	/dɪˈfɪnd/	방어하다
capture 동사	/ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/	포획하다
retreat 명사	/ɹɪˈtɹiːt/	후퇴, 퇴각
consequence 명사	/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/	결과
withdraw 동사	/wɪðˈdɹɔ/	후퇴하다, 취소하다
artillery 명사	/ɑɹˈtɪləɹi/	포병대
execute 동사	/ˈɛksɪˌkjuːt/	처형하다

영상에 나오는 구동사

단어	뜻
blow up 동사	폭파하다
give up 동사	항복하다
take back 동사	되찾다

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	is allowed · being created · wasn't recognized
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	has begun · have also devolved · have consistently held
관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보	Herzegovina, which is · Serbs, which is

주의할 발음

화자는 we're, can't, didn't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 8번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“th” 소리: ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, withdraw /wɪðˈdɹɔ/, thrive /θɹajv/
“sh”와 “zh” 소리: negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, federation /ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, federation /ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, artillery /ɑɹˈtɪləɹi/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: offensive /ˈɔˌfɛnsɪv/, flee /ˈfliː/, federation /ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/, defend /dɪˈfɪnd/, enforce /ɪnˈfoɹs/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, offensive /ˈɔˌfɛnsɪv/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, violent /ˈvaɪ.ə.lənt/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/, communism /ˈkɒmjᵿnɪz(ə)m/, comprise /kəmˈpɹaɪz/, refuse /ɹɪˈfjuːz/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, ethnic, negotiate, flee 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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쉐도잉 연습: The Worst War You Never Learned About, Mapped - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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