Shadowing Practice: The Worst War You Never Learned About, Mapped - Learn English Speaking with Video
Elige un modo de práctica
Cada modo abre una sala de práctica a pantalla completa.
177 oraciones
Si las oraciones son demasiado cortas o largas, haz clic en Editar para ajustarlas.
1
It's 1991, and the Soviet Union is fracturing.
2
And down here, another communist party is failing.
3
Yugoslavia, a federation of six countries, is ripping itself apart.
4
Their economy is in ruin, and they're replacing communism with nationalism, the kind that thrives on focusing on ethnic and religious differences.
5
By the end of 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia have all declared independence.
6
Macedonia is allowed to leave peacefully, but Slovenia and Croatia fight wars to be independent from Yugoslavia.
7
And then you have Serbia, populated primarily by Christian Serbs, and they were not going to let Yugoslavia fully fall apart.
8
Together with Montenegro, they attempt to become the successor state to Yugoslavia.
9
After all, it was they who held the most power in Yugoslavia, and who comprised the majority of the Yugoslav army.
10
They didn't want independent states.
11
They wanted to hold on to their majority, to their power.
12
Another country in this crumbling federation was the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
13
Almost half of this country were Bosnian Muslims, called Bosniaks, and about a third were Christian Serbs,
14
similar to the Christian Serbs living up here but living in Bosnia.
15
The other 17 % were Croats.
16
For a long time, these groups had lived side by side in relative peace.
17
They had a common ideology, communism, the idea of Yugoslavia.
18
But as all these new countries were being created, no one wanted to end up in a new nation controlled by the other side.
19
So it's late 1991, and a largely Croat region declares itself an independent state from Bosnia.
20
It wasn't recognized internationally.
21
While some Croat leaders want to secede from the country entirely, they first agree to cooperate with the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
22
acting like a state within a state.
23
The next year, Bosnia holds an independence vote.
24
63 % of the population turns out, and the results are that 99 % of the voters say yes, they want to be independent from Yugoslavia.
25
These numbers imply that it was mostly Bosniaks that voted, with the Bosnian Serbs boycotting the vote,
26
as most were against becoming a minority in a new Bosnia.
27
So after the independence vote passed, the Bosnian Serbs declared their own state within the borders of Bosnia.
28
It was called Republika Srpska.
29
No one recognized this new self -declared country besides one, and it was the one that mattered.
30
Serbia and Montenegro now had this leader, an important part of the story.
31
His name was Slobodan Milosevic.
32
He recognizes the new Serb state within
33
Bosnia, and this marks the start of the Bosnian War.
34
now before we go on we have to look back up here at serbia
35
this leader milosevic this guy was a hyper nationalist he made his career stirring up ethnic tensions between serbs croats and bosniacs
36
so he's seen all of this as a good thing as
37
an opportunity to further his vision of creating a a new greater
38
Serbian nation across the former Yugoslavia.
39
And remember, Serbia is where the capital of the former Yugoslavia was.
40
The Yugoslav army is dominated by Serbs.
41
So Milosevic is able to direct
42
this professional army to launch an offensive to help the Serbians in Bosnia secure their new claimed territory.
43
To fight back, the Bosniaks and Croats form an alliance to protect their own chances of independence.
44
But Serbs have this large professional army on their side.
45
It's much more powerful, and it quickly surrounds the Bosnian capital city, positioning tanks, artillery, and snipers on the hills around the city,
46
blocking roads and supply routes.
47
Their goal is to take the capital as fast as possible, and to end this war quickly.
48
They start firing indiscriminately, attacking civilian populations with tanks, artillery, and sniper fire, killing thousands in a siege that would last for years.
49
And while this city was majority Bosniak, Croats and Serbs lived there too.
50
But the Serbs pummeled it anyway.
51
The UN quickly attempts to negotiate with Milosevic and Serb forces, and they reach a quick agreement to withdraw the Yugoslav army.
52
But what really happens is the Yugoslav army just gives up control of around 100 ,000 Serb troops,
53
who mostly continue fighting for the Serbs in Bosnia.
54
As Yugoslav forces withdraw from Sarajevo as part of this agreement, the retreating forces are attacked by Bosniak troops.
55
An unknown number of Yugoslav army personnel are killed, Bosniak commanders would later be charged with war crimes for this attack.
56
As the war rages on, Serbs escalate the brutality all over the country, routinely identifying Bosniak homes, ransacking and burning them down,
57
rounding up civilians, separating the men from the women, and sending the men to concentration camps or executing them.
58
Women are sent to prisons where they suffer abuses
59
and human rights violations that I'm not going to describe here for how atrocious they are.
60
You can go to the sources for details.
61
The point here is
62
that what the Serbs are doing is starting to look like an ethnic cleansing of the land they claimed.
63
Meanwhile, the international community is hesitant to get too involved beyond cutting off the Yugoslav economy with sanctions,
64
and the UN sends food, medicine, and peacekeeping soldiers.
65
They also cut off the flow of weapons from the outside.
66
But the UN mostly sticks to its peacekeeping principles.
67
Not interfering in the conflict.
68
Not stopping the advance of the Serbs or the ongoing ethnic cleansing that has begun.
69
But the situation in Bosnia is getting worse.
70
The alliance between Bosniaks and Croats is falling apart.
71
They start fighting each other.
72
So now Bosniak forces are fighting the Serbs on one side and their former allies, the Croats, on the other.
73
A war within a war.
74
As this new complicated stage of the conflict starts, Croat forces surround and begin an attack in the city of Mostar,
75
a city that the two had once defended together back in 1992 against the Serbs.
76
Croat forces capture large portions of the city.
77
They blow up Bosniak mosques and murder Bosniak civilians in their wake.
78
Things are getting bad and in response to these worsening conditions in Bosnia,
79
the UN gets NATO forces to come to Bosnia to enforce a no -fly zone,
80
basically committing them to shoot down any planes flying over the country.
81
But this does nothing to stop the ethnic cleansing that continues to escalate on the ground.
82
So the next year, the UN establishes safe zones across the country to protect civilians fleeing the war,
83
particularly Bosniaks, who are fleeing ethnic cleansing by the Serb armies.
84
But the UN is only as powerful as its member nations are willing to let them be.
85
And it turns out member nations are not willing to commit enough troops to actually fortify these safe zones.
86
Serb forces regularly show up and attack the civilians in these safe zones.
87
The United States, who's still trying to stay out of this war, helps negotiate peace between the Croats and the Bosniaks,
88
thus ending the war within the war.
89
They sign an agreement in March of 1994, re -establishing the Federal Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
90
And most importantly, they renew their alliance to fight against the Serbs.
91
Things slowly start to change in 1994.
92
Bosnian Serbs decline a peace deal offered by the UN.
93
In response, Milosevic, who is now feeling the consequences of being cut off from the global economy, now cuts ties with the Bosnian Serbs,
94
refusing to send them more weapons and money.
95
He wants to remain in power, controlling his new Yugoslavia, and hopes
96
that cutting ties with the Bosnian Serbs who are doing all
97
these terrible things will convince the West to begin trading with him again.
98
So Milosevic's support is now gone, but even still, the Bosnian Serbs continue their campaign of horror, committing atrocities all over the country.
99
But it's not just the Serbs.
100
Bosniaks and Croats have also devolved into committing terrible, violent human rights abuses against civilians.
101
As the war rages on, NATO continues to enforce their no -fly zone,
102
shooting down a Serb jet and getting more and more pulled into this conflict as Serb forces get bolder.
103
Former President Jimmy Carter travels to Bosnia and negotiates a four -month ceasefire.
104
It mostly holds, with a few exceptions.
105
But the ceasefire expires.
106
They can't agree on a new one, and the fighting starts again.
107
Serb forces are able to steal heavy weapons from the UN and then use them to kill civilians.
108
NATO continues to ramp up airstrikes.
109
Serb forces respond by taking UN peacekeepers hostage and shooting down a US F -16.
110
Serb forces are feeling emboldened at this point.
111
They have consistently held around 70 % of the land in Bosnia, and even pushed back UN peacekeepers without major consequences
112
and they see an opportunity for one last big offensive to end the war and secure all of this land.
113
They just need to take over the UN safe zones, kick the UN out,
114
and then take Sarajevo with overwhelming force so
115
they target the town of Srebrenica a UN safe zone where
116
nearly 10 ,000 Bosniaks are seeking refuge the UN had taken away their weapons.
117
They were totally unarmed, but protected by UN forces.
118
On July 11th, 1995, 2 ,000 Serb soldiers march into the town.
119
They meet no resistance from the UN soldiers,
120
who decided to maintain their neutrality and defend supplies and food for their refugees instead of the people themselves.
121
But these UN soldiers were really just 370 Dutch soldiers.
122
They were outmatched anyway.
123
So some retreat, others are captured.
124
The Serb forces then round up 8 ,000 Bosniak men and boys, and then they systematically execute them,
125
comprising the deadliest genocide on European soil
126
World War II.
127
The surviving refugees, abandoned by the international community, flee the violence in Srebrenica.
128
They flood to other areas, telling the stories of this mass murder.
129
The UN would later report that all sides violated the Geneva Conventions, but described the Serb offensive as, quote, systematic ethnic cleansing.
130
And at this point, the United States can no longer stand by and watch this happen.
131
So in late 1995, the Clinton administration pursues a new strategy.
132
They plan for the UN to eventually pull out of Bosnia.
133
The US and NATO would keep them safe.
134
The plan also ensured that the US would be allowed to send weapons to the Bosnian government.
135
The US then proposed a peace plan, one that divided
136
Bosnia into two entities, one for Serbs and one for Bosniaks.
137
These regions would have some autonomy, and Bosniaks would control 51 % of the country.
138
Both sides considered the U .S.'s plan, but the fighting continued.
139
But now with the international community squarely on their side, the Croats conduct a successful offensive in 1995 that takes back significant land from the Serbs,
140
and the Bosniaks gain momentum in the war.
141
The balance of power is shifting, which forces the Serbs back to negotiating table to cut their losses.
142
After many rounds of negotiation, and with the Serb forces seeing the tide of the war turn against them,
143
the Dayton Accords are signed in December 1995 by the presidents of Croatia, Bosnia, and Serbia.
144
On behalf of all of us who would come to see this peace take hold, you have seen what war has wrought,
145
you know what peace can bring.
146
It was this agreement that eventually gave us these modern borders that divide the country into two.
147
You have the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is composed mostly of Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats, and over here the Republika Srpska,
148
composed mostly of Bosnian Serbs, which is somewhat independent with its own political system and its own judiciary,
149
but it's still a part of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
150
So the war is over.
151
Around a hundred thousand people died during this violence and many more millions were forced to flee from their homes.
152
The the majority of which were Bosnian Muslims.
153
A United Nations criminal tribunal eventually tried 161 people for various war crimes committed during this war.
154
Slobodan Milosevic went to jail for the rest of his life because of his crimes against humanity, his war crimes and genocide.
155
He died before the end of his trial.
156
The war reshaped this country, solidifying the ethnic divides that had been at the root of the conflict.
157
Today, Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats live in relative peace, though the country faces new threats to that peace,
158
threats that are facing lots of parts of the world.
159
Rising nationalism, a reverence for former Serb war criminals, and more calls for Serb independence.
160
The memory of the atrocities committed during this conflict still haunts this place, both in the physical scars on the land,
161
but most powerfully in the bodies and minds of its people.
162
This is a complicated story and there are lots of feelings about it.
163
People watching this probably disagree with the way that I frame certain things,
164
but we did our best to be fair and factual and to give the best overview we could.
165
I appreciate you all watching.
166
I hope you enjoyed this map video.
167
We're wanting to do more of these.
168
I used to do these a lot back in the old days
169
when I was at Vox and I sort of moved away from it
170
and I want to get back to it
171
so leave me a note here in the comments
172
if this is a format
173
that you like what conflicts you think
174
i should take on what complex issues would benefit from being mapped in this way
175
so that's it lots going on around here we're making lots of really really interesting stories right now
176
that you will be seeing in coming weeks
177
or you'll be seeing a week early if you subscribe to nebula okay bye everyone
Descargar app
Todo lo que necesitas para hablar con fluidez
Pronunciación con IAEvalúa cada oración
Práctica de IPADomina cada sonido
VocabularioConstruye tu banco de palabras
Juego de vocabularioAprende mientras juegas
Mismo canal
B21
What I've been working on all year
American AccentDaily ConversationWorking Adults
C11
Oligarchy is worse than you think
American AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
1955 vs 2025, who actually had it better?
American AccentDaily ConversationWorking Adults
C16
The REAL reason China built so much
American AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B28
The Internet Didn't Fail. It Was Taken.
American AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
At North Korea’s Border
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
Your Olive Oil is (probably) a Lie
American AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The Problem With Elon Musk
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
Why is Russia So DAMN BIG?
American AccentUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
What’s really happening in the ocean’s “dark zones”
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B21
What’s ACTUALLY Happening in North Korea
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B24
Why This Country Was Erased From History
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B210
How The US Stole The Panama Canal, Mapped
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C17
Why you’re so tired
American AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
FOR YOU
Recomendar Video
C1102 oraciones
World War II (short version)
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
157 oraciones
The Impact of Alberta's Referendum Results
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
27 oraciones
Theo James in Syria: A Journey Back to His Family’s Roots
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
514 oraciones
Why Ukraine Is Doomed | Episode 6
American AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
607 oraciones
Every Argument For Atheism
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
327 oraciones
Language Review: Romanian
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
![The Cambodian - Vietnamese War - Third Indochina War [45 Years of War - 3/3] - Documentary](https://img.youtube.com/vi/Nk9GoKffrAo/mqdefault.jpg)
C191 oraciones
The Cambodian - Vietnamese War - Third Indochina War [45 Years of War - 3/3] - Documentary
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
115 oraciones
Why nobody stopped the Rwandan genocide
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
194 oraciones
Why the British Empire Fell Apart - Won Two Wars, Then Lost Its Empire
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
168 oraciones
WW1's Forgotten Middle Eastern Theater
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
209 oraciones
How Arab Jews Decide Israeli Elections
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
396 oraciones
Something is jamming GPS over Europe. Here's what we found
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Esta lección de conversación se basa en el vídeo “The Worst War You Never Learned About, Mapped”. Las palabras que más se repiten: Serb, Bosniak, Bosnia, force, Croat. Este vídeo tiene 177 frases y 2284 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 14:04. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 162 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. Solo el 78 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| ethnic adjetivo | /ˈɛθ.nɪk/ | étnico |
| offensive adjetivo | /ˈɔˌfɛnsɪv/ | ofensivo, ofensiva |
| commit verbo | /kəˈmɪt/ | encomendar |
| negotiate verbo | /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/ | negociar |
| flee verbo | /ˈfliː/ | huir, huirse |
| alliance sustantivo | /əˈlaɪ.əns/ | alianza |
| federation sustantivo | /ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/ | federación |
| divide verbo | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | desunir, dividir |
| relative sustantivo | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | familiar, pariente |
| complicated adjetivo | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | complicado |
| defend verbo | /dɪˈfɪnd/ | defender, defensar |
| establish verbo | /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ | establecer, establir |
| capture verbo | /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/ | capturar |
| retreat sustantivo | /ɹɪˈtɹiːt/ | retirada, repliegue |
| rage sustantivo | /ɹeɪd͡ʒ/ | rabia |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| fall apart verbo | despedazarse, desintegrarse | |
| turn out verbo | resultar | |
| fight back verbo | /faɪt bæk/ | contraatacar |
| get back to verbo | responder / contestar (en un rato), volver / tornar a contactar | |
| give up verbo | rendirse, entregar | |
| live up verbo | estar a la altura (de), dar la talla | |
| show up verbo | comparecer, personarse | |
| stir up verbo | /ˈstɜː.ɹʌp/ | levantar pasiones, soliviantar |
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | is allowed · being created · wasn't recognized |
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | has begun · have also devolved · have consistently held |
| Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa | Herzegovina, which is · Serbs, which is |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 8 contracciones y formas reducidas, como we're, can't, didn't. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “th”: ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, withdraw /wɪðˈdɹɔ/, thrive /θɹajv/
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, federation /ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, federation /ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, artillery /ɑɹˈtɪləɹi/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- s + consonante al inicio — sin añadir una “e” delante: sniper /ˈsnaɪ.pɚ/, steal /stiːl/, stir /stɝ/, scar /skɑɹ/, squarely /ˈskwɛə(ɹ).li/
- /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, offensive /ˈɔˌfɛnsɪv/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, violent /ˈvaɪ.ə.lənt/
- /z/ — sonora, no /s/: civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/, communism /ˈkɒmjᵿnɪz(ə)m/, comprise /kəmˈpɹaɪz/, refuse /ɹɪˈfjuːz/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como ethnic, offensive, commit.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.