शैडोइंग अभ्यास: The Worst War You Never Learned About, Mapped - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

अभ्यास मोड चुनें

हर मोड पूरी स्क्रीन का अभ्यास कक्ष खोलता है।

177 वाक्य

यदि वाक्य बहुत छोटे या लंबे हों, तो समायोजित करने के लिए Edit पर क्लिक करें।

It's 1991, and the Soviet Union is fracturing.

And down here, another communist party is failing.

Yugoslavia, a federation of six countries, is ripping itself apart.

Their economy is in ruin, and they're replacing communism with nationalism, the kind that thrives on focusing on ethnic and religious differences.

By the end of 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia have all declared independence.

Macedonia is allowed to leave peacefully, but Slovenia and Croatia fight wars to be independent from Yugoslavia.

And then you have Serbia, populated primarily by Christian Serbs, and they were not going to let Yugoslavia fully fall apart.

Together with Montenegro, they attempt to become the successor state to Yugoslavia.

After all, it was they who held the most power in Yugoslavia, and who comprised the majority of the Yugoslav army.

They didn't want independent states.

They wanted to hold on to their majority, to their power.

Another country in this crumbling federation was the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Almost half of this country were Bosnian Muslims, called Bosniaks, and about a third were Christian Serbs,

similar to the Christian Serbs living up here but living in Bosnia.

The other 17 % were Croats.

For a long time, these groups had lived side by side in relative peace.

They had a common ideology, communism, the idea of Yugoslavia.

But as all these new countries were being created, no one wanted to end up in a new nation controlled by the other side.

So it's late 1991, and a largely Croat region declares itself an independent state from Bosnia.

It wasn't recognized internationally.

While some Croat leaders want to secede from the country entirely, they first agree to cooperate with the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina,

acting like a state within a state.

The next year, Bosnia holds an independence vote.

63 % of the population turns out, and the results are that 99 % of the voters say yes, they want to be independent from Yugoslavia.

These numbers imply that it was mostly Bosniaks that voted, with the Bosnian Serbs boycotting the vote,

as most were against becoming a minority in a new Bosnia.

So after the independence vote passed, the Bosnian Serbs declared their own state within the borders of Bosnia.

It was called Republika Srpska.

No one recognized this new self -declared country besides one, and it was the one that mattered.

Serbia and Montenegro now had this leader, an important part of the story.

His name was Slobodan Milosevic.

He recognizes the new Serb state within

Bosnia, and this marks the start of the Bosnian War.

now before we go on we have to look back up here at serbia

this leader milosevic this guy was a hyper nationalist he made his career stirring up ethnic tensions between serbs croats and bosniacs

so he's seen all of this as a good thing as

an opportunity to further his vision of creating a a new greater

Serbian nation across the former Yugoslavia.

And remember, Serbia is where the capital of the former Yugoslavia was.

The Yugoslav army is dominated by Serbs.

So Milosevic is able to direct

this professional army to launch an offensive to help the Serbians in Bosnia secure their new claimed territory.

To fight back, the Bosniaks and Croats form an alliance to protect their own chances of independence.

But Serbs have this large professional army on their side.

It's much more powerful, and it quickly surrounds the Bosnian capital city, positioning tanks, artillery, and snipers on the hills around the city,

blocking roads and supply routes.

Their goal is to take the capital as fast as possible, and to end this war quickly.

They start firing indiscriminately, attacking civilian populations with tanks, artillery, and sniper fire, killing thousands in a siege that would last for years.

And while this city was majority Bosniak, Croats and Serbs lived there too.

But the Serbs pummeled it anyway.

The UN quickly attempts to negotiate with Milosevic and Serb forces, and they reach a quick agreement to withdraw the Yugoslav army.

But what really happens is the Yugoslav army just gives up control of around 100 ,000 Serb troops,

who mostly continue fighting for the Serbs in Bosnia.

As Yugoslav forces withdraw from Sarajevo as part of this agreement, the retreating forces are attacked by Bosniak troops.

An unknown number of Yugoslav army personnel are killed, Bosniak commanders would later be charged with war crimes for this attack.

As the war rages on, Serbs escalate the brutality all over the country, routinely identifying Bosniak homes, ransacking and burning them down,

rounding up civilians, separating the men from the women, and sending the men to concentration camps or executing them.

Women are sent to prisons where they suffer abuses

and human rights violations that I'm not going to describe here for how atrocious they are.

You can go to the sources for details.

The point here is

that what the Serbs are doing is starting to look like an ethnic cleansing of the land they claimed.

Meanwhile, the international community is hesitant to get too involved beyond cutting off the Yugoslav economy with sanctions,

and the UN sends food, medicine, and peacekeeping soldiers.

They also cut off the flow of weapons from the outside.

But the UN mostly sticks to its peacekeeping principles.

Not interfering in the conflict.

Not stopping the advance of the Serbs or the ongoing ethnic cleansing that has begun.

But the situation in Bosnia is getting worse.

The alliance between Bosniaks and Croats is falling apart.

They start fighting each other.

So now Bosniak forces are fighting the Serbs on one side and their former allies, the Croats, on the other.

A war within a war.

As this new complicated stage of the conflict starts, Croat forces surround and begin an attack in the city of Mostar,

a city that the two had once defended together back in 1992 against the Serbs.

Croat forces capture large portions of the city.

They blow up Bosniak mosques and murder Bosniak civilians in their wake.

Things are getting bad and in response to these worsening conditions in Bosnia,

the UN gets NATO forces to come to Bosnia to enforce a no -fly zone,

basically committing them to shoot down any planes flying over the country.

But this does nothing to stop the ethnic cleansing that continues to escalate on the ground.

So the next year, the UN establishes safe zones across the country to protect civilians fleeing the war,

particularly Bosniaks, who are fleeing ethnic cleansing by the Serb armies.

But the UN is only as powerful as its member nations are willing to let them be.

And it turns out member nations are not willing to commit enough troops to actually fortify these safe zones.

Serb forces regularly show up and attack the civilians in these safe zones.

The United States, who's still trying to stay out of this war, helps negotiate peace between the Croats and the Bosniaks,

thus ending the war within the war.

They sign an agreement in March of 1994, re -establishing the Federal Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

And most importantly, they renew their alliance to fight against the Serbs.

Things slowly start to change in 1994.

Bosnian Serbs decline a peace deal offered by the UN.

In response, Milosevic, who is now feeling the consequences of being cut off from the global economy, now cuts ties with the Bosnian Serbs,

refusing to send them more weapons and money.

He wants to remain in power, controlling his new Yugoslavia, and hopes

that cutting ties with the Bosnian Serbs who are doing all

these terrible things will convince the West to begin trading with him again.

So Milosevic's support is now gone, but even still, the Bosnian Serbs continue their campaign of horror, committing atrocities all over the country.

But it's not just the Serbs.

100

Bosniaks and Croats have also devolved into committing terrible, violent human rights abuses against civilians.

101

As the war rages on, NATO continues to enforce their no -fly zone,

102

shooting down a Serb jet and getting more and more pulled into this conflict as Serb forces get bolder.

103

Former President Jimmy Carter travels to Bosnia and negotiates a four -month ceasefire.

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It mostly holds, with a few exceptions.

105

But the ceasefire expires.

106

They can't agree on a new one, and the fighting starts again.

107

Serb forces are able to steal heavy weapons from the UN and then use them to kill civilians.

108

NATO continues to ramp up airstrikes.

109

Serb forces respond by taking UN peacekeepers hostage and shooting down a US F -16.

110

Serb forces are feeling emboldened at this point.

111

They have consistently held around 70 % of the land in Bosnia, and even pushed back UN peacekeepers without major consequences

112

and they see an opportunity for one last big offensive to end the war and secure all of this land.

113

They just need to take over the UN safe zones, kick the UN out,

114

and then take Sarajevo with overwhelming force so

115

they target the town of Srebrenica a UN safe zone where

116

nearly 10 ,000 Bosniaks are seeking refuge the UN had taken away their weapons.

117

They were totally unarmed, but protected by UN forces.

118

On July 11th, 1995, 2 ,000 Serb soldiers march into the town.

119

They meet no resistance from the UN soldiers,

120

who decided to maintain their neutrality and defend supplies and food for their refugees instead of the people themselves.

121

But these UN soldiers were really just 370 Dutch soldiers.

122

They were outmatched anyway.

123

So some retreat, others are captured.

124

The Serb forces then round up 8 ,000 Bosniak men and boys, and then they systematically execute them,

125

comprising the deadliest genocide on European soil

126

World War II.

127

The surviving refugees, abandoned by the international community, flee the violence in Srebrenica.

128

They flood to other areas, telling the stories of this mass murder.

129

The UN would later report that all sides violated the Geneva Conventions, but described the Serb offensive as, quote, systematic ethnic cleansing.

130

And at this point, the United States can no longer stand by and watch this happen.

131

So in late 1995, the Clinton administration pursues a new strategy.

132

They plan for the UN to eventually pull out of Bosnia.

133

The US and NATO would keep them safe.

134

The plan also ensured that the US would be allowed to send weapons to the Bosnian government.

135

The US then proposed a peace plan, one that divided

136

Bosnia into two entities, one for Serbs and one for Bosniaks.

137

These regions would have some autonomy, and Bosniaks would control 51 % of the country.

138

Both sides considered the U .S.'s plan, but the fighting continued.

139

But now with the international community squarely on their side, the Croats conduct a successful offensive in 1995 that takes back significant land from the Serbs,

140

and the Bosniaks gain momentum in the war.

141

The balance of power is shifting, which forces the Serbs back to negotiating table to cut their losses.

142

After many rounds of negotiation, and with the Serb forces seeing the tide of the war turn against them,

143

the Dayton Accords are signed in December 1995 by the presidents of Croatia, Bosnia, and Serbia.

144

On behalf of all of us who would come to see this peace take hold, you have seen what war has wrought,

145

you know what peace can bring.

146

It was this agreement that eventually gave us these modern borders that divide the country into two.

147

You have the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is composed mostly of Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats, and over here the Republika Srpska,

148

composed mostly of Bosnian Serbs, which is somewhat independent with its own political system and its own judiciary,

149

but it's still a part of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

150

So the war is over.

151

Around a hundred thousand people died during this violence and many more millions were forced to flee from their homes.

152

The the majority of which were Bosnian Muslims.

153

A United Nations criminal tribunal eventually tried 161 people for various war crimes committed during this war.

154

Slobodan Milosevic went to jail for the rest of his life because of his crimes against humanity, his war crimes and genocide.

155

He died before the end of his trial.

156

The war reshaped this country, solidifying the ethnic divides that had been at the root of the conflict.

157

Today, Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats live in relative peace, though the country faces new threats to that peace,

158

threats that are facing lots of parts of the world.

159

Rising nationalism, a reverence for former Serb war criminals, and more calls for Serb independence.

160

The memory of the atrocities committed during this conflict still haunts this place, both in the physical scars on the land,

161

but most powerfully in the bodies and minds of its people.

162

This is a complicated story and there are lots of feelings about it.

163

People watching this probably disagree with the way that I frame certain things,

164

but we did our best to be fair and factual and to give the best overview we could.

165

I appreciate you all watching.

166

I hope you enjoyed this map video.

167

We're wanting to do more of these.

168

I used to do these a lot back in the old days

169

when I was at Vox and I sort of moved away from it

170

and I want to get back to it

171

so leave me a note here in the comments

172

if this is a format

173

that you like what conflicts you think

174

i should take on what complex issues would benefit from being mapped in this way

175

so that's it lots going on around here we're making lots of really really interesting stories right now

176

that you will be seeing in coming weeks

177

or you'll be seeing a week early if you subscribe to nebula okay bye everyone

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

यह स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “The Worst War You Never Learned About, Mapped” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: Serb, Bosniak, Bosnia, force, Croat। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 177 वाक्य और 2284 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 14:04 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 162 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्वाभाविक गति से बोलता है, जो रोज़मर्रा की बातचीत के करीब है। केवल 78% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:

शब्द	उच्चारण	अर्थ
ethnic विशेषण	/ˈɛθ.nɪk/	संजातीय, नस्ली
offensive विशेषण	/ˈɔˌfɛnsɪv/	अपकारी
flee क्रिया	/ˈfliː/	भागना
alliance संज्ञा	/əˈlaɪ.əns/	गठबंधन, इत्तिहाद
federation संज्ञा	/ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/	महासंघ, फ़ेडरेशन
divide क्रिया	/dɪˈvaɪd/	बांटना
relative संज्ञा	/ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/	रिश्तेदार, नातेदार
complicated विशेषण	/ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/	जटिल, पेचीदा
defend क्रिया	/dɪˈfɪnd/	रक्षा करना
establish क्रिया	/ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/	स्थापना
consequence संज्ञा	/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/	परिणाम, नतीजा
genocide संज्ञा	/ˈd͡ʒɛnəsaɪd/	नरसंहार, जन-वध
nationalism संज्ञा	/ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/	राष्ट्रवाद
communism संज्ञा	/ˈkɒmjᵿnɪz(ə)m/	साम्यवाद, कम्युनिज़म
surround क्रिया	/səˈɹaʊnd/	घेरना

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचना	वीडियो में
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है	is allowed · being created · wasn't recognized
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है	has begun · have also devolved · have consistently held
Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी	Herzegovina, which is · Serbs, which is

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

वक्ता 8 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे we're, can't, didn't। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।

“th” की ध्वनियाँ: ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, withdraw /wɪðˈdɹɔ/, thrive /θɹajv/
“sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, federation /ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/
लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, federation /ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, artillery /ɑɹˈtɪləɹi/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/

हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:

/v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, offensive /ˈɔˌfɛnsɪv/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/
/z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/, communism /ˈkɒmjᵿnɪz(ə)m/, comprise /kəmˈpɹaɪz/, refuse /ɹɪˈfjuːz/
शब्द की शुरुआत में s + व्यंजन — पहले “इ” न जोड़ें: sniper /ˈsnaɪ.pɚ/, steal /stiːl/, stir /stɝ/, scar /skɑɹ/, squarely /ˈskwɛə(ɹ).li/

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर ethnic, offensive, flee जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →

शैडोइंग अभ्यास: The Worst War You Never Learned About, Mapped - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

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इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?