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It's 1991, and the Soviet Union is fracturing.
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And down here, another communist party is failing.
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Yugoslavia, a federation of six countries, is ripping itself apart.
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Their economy is in ruin, and they're replacing communism with nationalism, the kind that thrives on focusing on ethnic and religious differences.
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By the end of 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia have all declared independence.
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Macedonia is allowed to leave peacefully, but Slovenia and Croatia fight wars to be independent from Yugoslavia.
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And then you have Serbia, populated primarily by Christian Serbs, and they were not going to let Yugoslavia fully fall apart.
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Together with Montenegro, they attempt to become the successor state to Yugoslavia.
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After all, it was they who held the most power in Yugoslavia, and who comprised the majority of the Yugoslav army.
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They didn't want independent states.
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They wanted to hold on to their majority, to their power.
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Another country in this crumbling federation was the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Almost half of this country were Bosnian Muslims, called Bosniaks, and about a third were Christian Serbs,
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similar to the Christian Serbs living up here but living in Bosnia.
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The other 17 % were Croats.
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For a long time, these groups had lived side by side in relative peace.
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They had a common ideology, communism, the idea of Yugoslavia.
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But as all these new countries were being created, no one wanted to end up in a new nation controlled by the other side.
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So it's late 1991, and a largely Croat region declares itself an independent state from Bosnia.
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It wasn't recognized internationally.
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While some Croat leaders want to secede from the country entirely, they first agree to cooperate with the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
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acting like a state within a state.
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The next year, Bosnia holds an independence vote.
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63 % of the population turns out, and the results are that 99 % of the voters say yes, they want to be independent from Yugoslavia.
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These numbers imply that it was mostly Bosniaks that voted, with the Bosnian Serbs boycotting the vote,
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as most were against becoming a minority in a new Bosnia.
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So after the independence vote passed, the Bosnian Serbs declared their own state within the borders of Bosnia.
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It was called Republika Srpska.
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No one recognized this new self -declared country besides one, and it was the one that mattered.
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Serbia and Montenegro now had this leader, an important part of the story.
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His name was Slobodan Milosevic.
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He recognizes the new Serb state within
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Bosnia, and this marks the start of the Bosnian War.
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now before we go on we have to look back up here at serbia
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this leader milosevic this guy was a hyper nationalist he made his career stirring up ethnic tensions between serbs croats and bosniacs
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so he's seen all of this as a good thing as
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an opportunity to further his vision of creating a a new greater
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Serbian nation across the former Yugoslavia.
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And remember, Serbia is where the capital of the former Yugoslavia was.
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The Yugoslav army is dominated by Serbs.
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So Milosevic is able to direct
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this professional army to launch an offensive to help the Serbians in Bosnia secure their new claimed territory.
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To fight back, the Bosniaks and Croats form an alliance to protect their own chances of independence.
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But Serbs have this large professional army on their side.
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It's much more powerful, and it quickly surrounds the Bosnian capital city, positioning tanks, artillery, and snipers on the hills around the city,
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blocking roads and supply routes.
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Their goal is to take the capital as fast as possible, and to end this war quickly.
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They start firing indiscriminately, attacking civilian populations with tanks, artillery, and sniper fire, killing thousands in a siege that would last for years.
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And while this city was majority Bosniak, Croats and Serbs lived there too.
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But the Serbs pummeled it anyway.
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The UN quickly attempts to negotiate with Milosevic and Serb forces, and they reach a quick agreement to withdraw the Yugoslav army.
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But what really happens is the Yugoslav army just gives up control of around 100 ,000 Serb troops,
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who mostly continue fighting for the Serbs in Bosnia.
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As Yugoslav forces withdraw from Sarajevo as part of this agreement, the retreating forces are attacked by Bosniak troops.
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An unknown number of Yugoslav army personnel are killed, Bosniak commanders would later be charged with war crimes for this attack.
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As the war rages on, Serbs escalate the brutality all over the country, routinely identifying Bosniak homes, ransacking and burning them down,
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rounding up civilians, separating the men from the women, and sending the men to concentration camps or executing them.
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Women are sent to prisons where they suffer abuses
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and human rights violations that I'm not going to describe here for how atrocious they are.
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You can go to the sources for details.
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The point here is
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that what the Serbs are doing is starting to look like an ethnic cleansing of the land they claimed.
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Meanwhile, the international community is hesitant to get too involved beyond cutting off the Yugoslav economy with sanctions,
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and the UN sends food, medicine, and peacekeeping soldiers.
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They also cut off the flow of weapons from the outside.
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But the UN mostly sticks to its peacekeeping principles.
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Not interfering in the conflict.
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Not stopping the advance of the Serbs or the ongoing ethnic cleansing that has begun.
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But the situation in Bosnia is getting worse.
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The alliance between Bosniaks and Croats is falling apart.
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They start fighting each other.
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So now Bosniak forces are fighting the Serbs on one side and their former allies, the Croats, on the other.
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A war within a war.
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As this new complicated stage of the conflict starts, Croat forces surround and begin an attack in the city of Mostar,
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a city that the two had once defended together back in 1992 against the Serbs.
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Croat forces capture large portions of the city.
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They blow up Bosniak mosques and murder Bosniak civilians in their wake.
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Things are getting bad and in response to these worsening conditions in Bosnia,
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the UN gets NATO forces to come to Bosnia to enforce a no -fly zone,
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basically committing them to shoot down any planes flying over the country.
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But this does nothing to stop the ethnic cleansing that continues to escalate on the ground.
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So the next year, the UN establishes safe zones across the country to protect civilians fleeing the war,
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particularly Bosniaks, who are fleeing ethnic cleansing by the Serb armies.
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But the UN is only as powerful as its member nations are willing to let them be.
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And it turns out member nations are not willing to commit enough troops to actually fortify these safe zones.
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Serb forces regularly show up and attack the civilians in these safe zones.
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The United States, who's still trying to stay out of this war, helps negotiate peace between the Croats and the Bosniaks,
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thus ending the war within the war.
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They sign an agreement in March of 1994, re -establishing the Federal Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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And most importantly, they renew their alliance to fight against the Serbs.
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Things slowly start to change in 1994.
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Bosnian Serbs decline a peace deal offered by the UN.
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In response, Milosevic, who is now feeling the consequences of being cut off from the global economy, now cuts ties with the Bosnian Serbs,
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refusing to send them more weapons and money.
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He wants to remain in power, controlling his new Yugoslavia, and hopes
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that cutting ties with the Bosnian Serbs who are doing all
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these terrible things will convince the West to begin trading with him again.
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So Milosevic's support is now gone, but even still, the Bosnian Serbs continue their campaign of horror, committing atrocities all over the country.
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But it's not just the Serbs.
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Bosniaks and Croats have also devolved into committing terrible, violent human rights abuses against civilians.
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As the war rages on, NATO continues to enforce their no -fly zone,
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shooting down a Serb jet and getting more and more pulled into this conflict as Serb forces get bolder.
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Former President Jimmy Carter travels to Bosnia and negotiates a four -month ceasefire.
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It mostly holds, with a few exceptions.
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But the ceasefire expires.
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They can't agree on a new one, and the fighting starts again.
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Serb forces are able to steal heavy weapons from the UN and then use them to kill civilians.
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NATO continues to ramp up airstrikes.
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Serb forces respond by taking UN peacekeepers hostage and shooting down a US F -16.
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Serb forces are feeling emboldened at this point.
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They have consistently held around 70 % of the land in Bosnia, and even pushed back UN peacekeepers without major consequences
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and they see an opportunity for one last big offensive to end the war and secure all of this land.
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They just need to take over the UN safe zones, kick the UN out,
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and then take Sarajevo with overwhelming force so
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they target the town of Srebrenica a UN safe zone where
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nearly 10 ,000 Bosniaks are seeking refuge the UN had taken away their weapons.
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They were totally unarmed, but protected by UN forces.
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On July 11th, 1995, 2 ,000 Serb soldiers march into the town.
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They meet no resistance from the UN soldiers,
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who decided to maintain their neutrality and defend supplies and food for their refugees instead of the people themselves.
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But these UN soldiers were really just 370 Dutch soldiers.
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They were outmatched anyway.
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So some retreat, others are captured.
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The Serb forces then round up 8 ,000 Bosniak men and boys, and then they systematically execute them,
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comprising the deadliest genocide on European soil
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World War II.
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The surviving refugees, abandoned by the international community, flee the violence in Srebrenica.
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They flood to other areas, telling the stories of this mass murder.
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The UN would later report that all sides violated the Geneva Conventions, but described the Serb offensive as, quote, systematic ethnic cleansing.
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And at this point, the United States can no longer stand by and watch this happen.
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So in late 1995, the Clinton administration pursues a new strategy.
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They plan for the UN to eventually pull out of Bosnia.
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The US and NATO would keep them safe.
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The plan also ensured that the US would be allowed to send weapons to the Bosnian government.
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The US then proposed a peace plan, one that divided
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Bosnia into two entities, one for Serbs and one for Bosniaks.
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These regions would have some autonomy, and Bosniaks would control 51 % of the country.
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Both sides considered the U .S.'s plan, but the fighting continued.
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But now with the international community squarely on their side, the Croats conduct a successful offensive in 1995 that takes back significant land from the Serbs,
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and the Bosniaks gain momentum in the war.
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The balance of power is shifting, which forces the Serbs back to negotiating table to cut their losses.
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After many rounds of negotiation, and with the Serb forces seeing the tide of the war turn against them,
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the Dayton Accords are signed in December 1995 by the presidents of Croatia, Bosnia, and Serbia.
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On behalf of all of us who would come to see this peace take hold, you have seen what war has wrought,
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you know what peace can bring.
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It was this agreement that eventually gave us these modern borders that divide the country into two.
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You have the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is composed mostly of Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats, and over here the Republika Srpska,
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composed mostly of Bosnian Serbs, which is somewhat independent with its own political system and its own judiciary,
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but it's still a part of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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So the war is over.
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Around a hundred thousand people died during this violence and many more millions were forced to flee from their homes.
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The the majority of which were Bosnian Muslims.
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A United Nations criminal tribunal eventually tried 161 people for various war crimes committed during this war.
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Slobodan Milosevic went to jail for the rest of his life because of his crimes against humanity, his war crimes and genocide.
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He died before the end of his trial.
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The war reshaped this country, solidifying the ethnic divides that had been at the root of the conflict.
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Today, Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats live in relative peace, though the country faces new threats to that peace,
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threats that are facing lots of parts of the world.
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Rising nationalism, a reverence for former Serb war criminals, and more calls for Serb independence.
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The memory of the atrocities committed during this conflict still haunts this place, both in the physical scars on the land,
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but most powerfully in the bodies and minds of its people.
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This is a complicated story and there are lots of feelings about it.
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People watching this probably disagree with the way that I frame certain things,
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but we did our best to be fair and factual and to give the best overview we could.
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I appreciate you all watching.
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I hope you enjoyed this map video.
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We're wanting to do more of these.
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I used to do these a lot back in the old days
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when I was at Vox and I sort of moved away from it
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and I want to get back to it
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so leave me a note here in the comments
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if this is a format
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that you like what conflicts you think
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i should take on what complex issues would benefit from being mapped in this way
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so that's it lots going on around here we're making lots of really really interesting stories right now
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that you will be seeing in coming weeks
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or you'll be seeing a week early if you subscribe to nebula okay bye everyone
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “The Worst War You Never Learned About, Mapped”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: Serb, Bosniak, Bosnia, force, Croat. Questo video contiene 177 frasi e 2284 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 14:04. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 162 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Solo il 78% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| ethnic aggettivo | /ˈɛθ.nɪk/ | etnico |
| offensive aggettivo | /ˈɔˌfɛnsɪv/ | offensivo |
| commit verbo | /kəˈmɪt/ | affidare, impegnarsi |
| negotiate verbo | /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/ | negoziare |
| flee verbo | /ˈfliː/ | fuggire |
| alliance sostantivo | /əˈlaɪ.əns/ | alleanza |
| federation sostantivo | /ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/ | federazione |
| divide verbo | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | dividere, dividersi |
| relative sostantivo | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | parente, congiunto |
| complicated aggettivo | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | complicato, intricato |
| defend verbo | /dɪˈfɪnd/ | difendere, proteggere |
| establish verbo | /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ | stabilire, confermare |
| capture verbo | /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/ | catturare, riprendere |
| retreat sostantivo | /ɹɪˈtɹiːt/ | ritirata, arretramento |
| rage sostantivo | /ɹeɪd͡ʒ/ | rabbia, furia |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| fall apart verbo | cadere a pezzi | |
| turn out verbo | risultare | |
| blow up verbo | saltare in aria, esplodere | |
| fight back verbo | /faɪt bæk/ | difendersi, contrastare |
| give up verbo | arrendersi | |
| live up verbo | soddisfare le aspettative | |
| stir up verbo | /ˈstɜː.ɹʌp/ | stimolare, appassionare |
| take away verbo | /ˌteɪk əˈweɪ/ | togliere |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is allowed · being created · wasn't recognized |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has begun · have also devolved · have consistently held |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | Herzegovina, which is · Serbs, which is |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 8 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come we're, can't, didn't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, withdraw /wɪðˈdɹɔ/, thrive /θɹajv/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, federation /ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, federation /ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪ̯ʃən/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, artillery /ɑɹˈtɪləɹi/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: horror /ˈhɒɹ.ə/, behalf /bɪˈhæf/, humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, hostage /ˈhɑs.tɪd͡ʒ/, hyper /ˈhaɪ.pəɹ/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, offensive /ˈɔˌfɛnsɪv/, commit /kəˈmɪt/, negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, nationalism /ˈnæʃ(ə)nəˌlɪzəm/, format /ˈfɔːɹ.mæt/, behalf /bɪˈhæf/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come ethnic, offensive, commit.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.