Prática de Shadowing: Advanced (C2) Phrases to Build Your Vocabulary - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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1
Let's learn some advanced C2 phrases to help you build your vocabulary.
Vamos aprender algumas frases avançadas de nível C2 para ajudar você a ampliar seu vocabulário.
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And C2 is just Cambridge's highest level qualification and is really just proof that you are a highly competent speaker.
E o C2 é simplesmente a qualificação de nível mais alto da Cambridge e serve apenas como prova de que você é um falante altamente competente.
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And I am going to teach you some advanced phrases
E eu vou te ensinar algumas frases avançadas
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that I think are common and I'm going to tell you the meaning,
que eu acho que são comuns e vou te contar o significado,
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talk a little bit about how these phrases are used,
fale um pouco sobre como essas frases são usadas
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and I'm also going to teach you how to correctly pronounce these phrases because If you're going to use them,
e também vou te ensinar como pronunciar essas frases corretamente, porque se você vai usá-las,
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you want to make sure that you are saying them correctly.
você quer ter certeza de que está dizendo elas corretamente.
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And if you enjoy building your vocabulary,
E se você gosta de ampliar seu vocabulário,
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please subscribe, turn on notifications.
por favor, se inscreva e ative as notificações.
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That way I can become your teacher.
Desse jeito eu posso me tornar seu professor.
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My name is Wes.
Meu nome é Wes.
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The channel is Interactive English.
O canal é o Interactive English.
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It's all about trying to help you reach your fluency goals.
Tudo se trata de tentar ajudar você a alcançar seus objetivos de fluência.
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So let's begin with our first phrase,
Então vamos começar com a nossa primeira frase,
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which is clear the air.
o que é limpar o ar.
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So to clear the air means to remove the bad feelings between people.
Então, limpar o ar significa remover os sentimentos ruins entre as pessoas.
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And You might use this if you have a couple of friends who are unhappy with each other,
E você pode usar isso se tiver alguns amigos que estão descontentes uns com os outros,
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or maybe some family members,
ou talvez alguns membros da família,
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and there are just some bad feelings.
e simplesmente existem alguns sentimentos ruins.
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And then someone else, the person who wants to get those feelings removed,
E então outra pessoa, a pessoa que quer que esses sentimentos sejam removidos,
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that's the person who's going to use this phrase.
essa é a pessoa que vai usar essa frase.
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So if I have a couple of friends that have been arguing,
Então, se eu tiver alguns amigos que estão brigando,
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and there are some bad feelings,
e existem alguns sentimentos ruins,
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and I and the one who wants them to make up,
e eu sou a pessoa que quer que eles façam as pazes,
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then I might tell them,
então eu posso dizer a eles,
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you know, it's time to clear the air.
sabe, é hora de esclarecer as coisas.
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We really need to clear the air and we need to just remove these bad feelings.
Nós realmente precisamos esclarecer as coisas e precisamos apenas eliminar esses sentimentos ruins.
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Now, as far as pronunciation goes,
Agora, no que diz respeito à pronúncia,
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the one word that I want to focus on is the article the.
a única palavra na qual eu quero focar é o artigo o.
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And you notice how I just pronounced it then.
E você percebe como eu acabei de pronunciar isso então.
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I said it with the schwa sound,
Eu falei isso com o som de schwa.
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which is an uh sound.
que é um som de "uh".
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And it's definitely weaker, the.
E está definitivamente mais fraco.
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And typically, people might say the before a consonant sound the cat, the dog.
E, normalmente, as pessoas podem dizer que o artigo "the" antes de um som consonantal é o gato, o cachorro.
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If the article comes before a vowel sound,
Se o artigo vier antes de um som de vogal,
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then people may say the, the elephant, the air.
então as pessoas podem dizer o, o elefante, o ar.
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Now, I will say that people in the United States,
Agora, eu direi que as pessoas nos Estados Unidos,
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which is where I'm from,
que é de onde eu sou,
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may not follow this rule,
pode não seguir essa regra,
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and they often use the before either a consonant or a vowel.
e eles frequentemente usam o artigo "the" antes de uma consoante ou de uma vogal.
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However, in a phrase like this,
No entanto, em uma frase como esta,
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which is fixed, and you hear these words together,
que é fixo, e você ouve essas palavras juntas,
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in this case, you are going to say the clear the air.
neste caso, você vai dizer para esclarecer as coisas.
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Don't make me join the army, okay?
Não me faça entrar para o exército, tá bom?
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I'll cut off a tow.
Vou cortar um reboque.
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What?
O quê?
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Okay, okay.
Tudo bem, tudo bem.
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We are just going to clear the air.
Nós só vamos esclarecer as coisas.
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And then we have trial and error.
E então temos o método de tentativa e erro.
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And this is a way of solving a problem by trying a number of different methods
E esta é uma forma de resolver um problema testando vários métodos diferentes.
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and then learning from the mistakes that you make.
e depois aprender com os erros que você comete.
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And I think often this phrase is used when talking about science
E eu acho que, muitas vezes, essa frase é usada quando se fala sobre ciência.
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because perhaps somebody is doing an experiment
porque talvez alguém esteja fazendo um experimento
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And you could say it's just a matter of trial and error before we get the result that we want.
E você poderia dizer que é só uma questão de tentativa e erro antes de conseguirmos o resultado que queremos.
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I also want to tell you that people may use this phrase with the word process.
Também quero lhe dizer que as pessoas podem usar essa frase com a palavra processo.
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And somebody could say it's a process of trial and error.
E alguém poderia dizer que é um processo de tentativa e erro.
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These words are frequently used together.
Essas palavras são frequentemente usadas juntas.
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A process of trial and error.
Um processo de tentativa e erro.
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And I could say that,
E eu poderia dizer isso,
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well, learning new vocabulary, it's also a process of trial and error.
bem, aprender vocabulário novo também é um processo de tentativa e erro.
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Because you're learning these phrases.
Porque você está aprendendo essas frases.
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You're going to try to use them in context.
Você vai tentar usá-los no contexto.
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You may make mistakes, but that's okay.
Você pode cometer erros, mas isso está tudo bem.
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You'll learn from those mistakes,
Você vai aprender com esses erros.
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and then you keep practicing until these phrases are a part of your speaking vocabulary.
e então você continua praticando até que essas frases façam parte do seu vocabulário falado.
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For pronunciation, what I would tell you is that with and,
Sobre a pronúncia, o que eu lhe diria é que com and,
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I'm going to reduce it so it just sounds like n, trial and error.
Vou reduzir isso para que soe apenas como n, tentativa e erro.
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And then error is a little challenging on its own.
E então o erro é um pouco desafiador por si só.
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The word has two syllables,
A palavra tem duas sílabas.
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has those two R sounds remember that the stress is on the first syllable.
tem aqueles dois sons de R, lembre-se de que a ênfase está na primeira sílaba.
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Error.
Erro.
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Error.
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Trial and error.
Tentativa e erro.
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And I can tell you,
E eu posso te dizer,
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relationships are just trial and error.
relacionamentos são só tentativa e erro.
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Something else that's a little bit of trial and error is pronunciation.
Outra coisa que envolve um pouco de tentativa e erro é a pronúncia.
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And that's why I've been talking to you about how to correctly pronounce these phrases.
E é por isso que eu tenho conversado com você sobre como pronunciar corretamente essas frases.
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But a great way to practice and learn from your mistakes is by using the pronunciation app Elsa Speak,
Mas uma ótima maneira de praticar e aprender com seus erros é usando o aplicativo de pronúncia Elsa Speak,
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who was kind enough to sponsor today's lesson.
que foi gentil o suficiente para patrocinar a aula de hoje.
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To tell you the truth,
Para falar a verdade,
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I actually heard about this app from you.
Na verdade, eu ouvi falar desse aplicativo por sua causa.
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I've had students tell me that they've been using ELSA Speak to practice their pronunciation and speaking,
Já tive alunos me dizendo que têm usado o ELSA Speak para praticar a pronúncia e a fala deles.
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and that's when I decided to see what it's all about.
e foi aí que eu decidi ver do que se trata tudo isso.
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So I downloaded the app and I started exploring.
Então eu baixei o aplicativo e comecei a explorar.
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And there's a lot of cool things that you can do with ELSA Speak.
E há muitas coisas legais que você pode fazer com o ELSA Speak.
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You can You can practice linking sounds or dropping consonants,
Você pode praticar a ligação entre sons ou a omissão de consoantes.
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the schwa sound, and all of this is really going to help you fine-tune your pronunciation skills.
o som da schwa, e tudo isso realmente vai ajudar você a aprimorar suas habilidades de pronúncia.
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You can even practice the pronunciation of different words and phrases,
Você pode até praticar a pronúncia de diferentes palavras e frases,
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such as the ones we've been talking about.
como aquelas sobre as quais estivemos falando.
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So if I put in trial and error.
Então, se eu recorrer a tentativa e erro.
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We can then listen to the phrase trial and error and then you can practice trial and error.
Podemos então ouvir a frase tentativa e erro e depois você pode praticar tentativa e erro.
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Alright and you can see you get instant feedback and that's going to help you make adjustments,
Certo, e você pode ver que recebe feedback instantâneo e isso vai te ajudar a fazer ajustes,
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learn from your mistakes and continue to improve your pronunciation.
aprenda com seus erros e continue a melhorar sua pronúncia.
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And right now when you click on the link below and download the ELSA Speak app,
E agora mesmo, quando você clicar no link abaixo e baixar o aplicativo ELSA Speak,
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you can get seven days of the Pro membership for free.
você pode obter sete dias da assinatura Pro gratuitamente.
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But you can also use my discount to get 85% off the ELSA Speak lifetime membership or 40% off a one-year membership.
Mas você também pode usar meu desconto para obter 85% de desconto na assinatura vitalícia do ELSA Speak ou 40% de desconto em uma assinatura anual.
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So check out those links and the discount down in the description
Então confira esses links e o desconto na descrição abaixo.
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if you would like to improve your pronunciation and sound just like a native speaker.
se você gostaria de melhorar sua pronúncia e soar exatamente como um falante nativo.
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Now let's get back to those advanced C2 phrases to help you build your vocabulary.
Agora vamos voltar a essas frases avançadas de nível C2 para ajudar você a ampliar seu vocabulário.
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And the next phrase that I have for you is to be at odds over or to be at odds with.
E a próxima expressão que eu tenho para você é estar em desacordo sobre ou estar em desacordo com.
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You can follow it with either of those prepositions.
Você pode usar qualquer uma dessas preposições depois dele.
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This just means to disagree or be different from something.
Isso simplesmente significa discordar ou ser diferente de algo.
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So I could say my siblings and I are at odds over the family estate.
Então, eu poderia dizer que eu e meus irmãos estamos em desacordo sobre a herança da família.
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We just disagree.
Nós só discordamos.
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Or I'm at odds with his version of the story.
Ou eu não concordo com a versão dele da história.
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Okay, my version is different.
Certo, a minha versão é diferente.
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So as far as pronouncing this phrase,
Então, no que diz respeito à pronúncia desta frase,
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I want you to look at that word at.
Quero que você olhe para aquela palavra em.
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Okay, typically it would end with a stop T,
Normalmente, isso terminaria com um T oclusivo.
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but in American English, because I'm from the United States,
mas no inglês americano, porque eu sou dos Estados Unidos,
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that T comes between two vowel sounds,
que o T fica entre dois sons vocálicos,
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so I am going to pronounce it as a flap T,
então eu vou pronunciá-lo com um T batido,
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which is going to sound a little more like a soft D.
que vai soar um pouco mais como um D suave.
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And then I'm going to take that soft D and link it with the vowel sound in odds. At odds.
E então eu vou pegar esse D suave e ligá-lo ao som da vogal em odds. At odds.
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So you should hear that flat T,
Então você deve ouvir esse T suave,
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and then it's getting linked with the vowel sound in odds.
e então ele está se ligando ao som da vogal na palavra odds.
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I'm at odds with his version of the story.
Eu não concordo com a versão dele da história.
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Some people say your immigration policy is at odds with your jobs program.
Algumas pessoas dizem que sua política de imigração está em desacordo com seu programa de empregos.
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How would you respond to that?
Como você responderia a isso?
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Then there's beyond a doubt,
Então, não há a menor dúvida,
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or beyond a shadow of a doubt.
ou além de qualquer sombra de dúvida.
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And in this case, you are just expressing certainty that something is true.
E neste caso, você está apenas expressando certeza de que algo é verdadeiro.
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I could say, I think it's beyond a shadow of a doubt that the earth's climate is changing.
Eu poderia dizer que acho que está além de qualquer dúvida que o clima da Terra está mudando.
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In law, you may hear someone say, beyond a reasonable doubt.
No direito, você pode ouvir alguém dizer "além de qualquer dúvida razoável".
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And this just means that the argument presented shows that someone is guilty,
E isso apenas significa que o argumento apresentado demonstra que alguém é culpado,
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and it just must be accepted as fact.
e isso simplesmente deve ser aceito como um fato.
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So a person might say,
Então, uma pessoa poderia dizer:
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we have shown that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
demonstramos que o réu é culpado além de qualquer dúvida razoável.
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In order to correctly pronounce this phrase,
Para pronunciar corretamente esta frase,
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keep in mind that the article is just going to be pronounced as the schwa sound.
tenha em mente que o artigo será pronunciado apenas como o som de schwa.
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It's just going to sound like a,
Vai só parecer que é um,
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and then we can do some linking and link some consonants with that schwa sound.
e então podemos fazer algumas ligações e ligar algumas consoantes com esse som de schwa.
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Beyond a shadow of a doubt.
Além de qualquer sombra de dúvida.
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So two things beyond a of a,
Então, duas coisas além de a de a,
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beyond a shadow of a doubt.
além de qualquer sombra de dúvida.
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So hopefully you can hear that linking occurring.
Então, espero que você consiga ouvir essa ligação acontecendo.
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Beyond a shadow of a doubt.
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Beyond a shadow of a doubt.
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I can say beyond a shadow of a doubt that Clark Kent loves Lois Lane.
Posso afirmar sem sombra de dúvida que Clark Kent ama Lois Lane.
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The next phrase is one that I use quite often and that is play it by ear.
A próxima expressão é uma que eu uso com bastante frequência, que é "ir improvisando".
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I really like this one.
Eu gosto muito deste.
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It means that you are deciding how to handle a situation as it develops instead of acting on some,
Isso significa que você está decidindo como lidar com uma situação à medida que ela se desenrola, em vez de agir com base em algum plano pré-definido.
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well, previous plan that you had.
bem, o plano anterior que você tinha.
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So I think I would often use this when traveling
Então, eu acho que usaria isso com frequência quando estiver viajando.
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that I like to have an idea of what I'm going to do,
que eu gosto de ter uma ideia do que vou fazer,
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but I also want to be able to change those plans as the day develops.
mas eu também quero poder mudar esses planos conforme o dia se desenrola.
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So I could say, yeah,
Então eu poderia dizer, sim,
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you know, let's just play it by ear.
sabe, vamos só improvisar.
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I know we're gonna try to do these things,
Eu sei que vamos tentar fazer essas coisas,
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but you know, we can make some changes if necessary.
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We'll just play it by ear.
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And when it comes to pronouncing this phrase,
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there's also some linking going on.
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The final consonant sound in play can get linked with the vowel sound in it.
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Play it.
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Play it.
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Let's play it by ear.
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So when are you getting back from Florida?
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Oh, I don't know.
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Play it by ear.
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Why?
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Go with the flow.
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This means to do what other people are doing
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or just agree with other people simply because it's the easiest thing to do.
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So you may hear somebody tell you,
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hey, you should just relax and go with the flow.
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Or I could talk about myself and say,
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I'm just gonna go with the flow.
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I really don't have a strong opinion about things.
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I just want to do what's easiest,
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so I'm just gonna go with the flow.
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And when saying this phrase,
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keep in mind there are some overlapping sounds, those THs.
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So that final TH in with is going to overlap with the beginning TH in the.
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The only difference is that in with,
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that TH is voiceless, and in the, the th is voiced.
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So when you're pronouncing this,
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those sounds will overlap and you're really going to say that voiced th.
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Go with the flow.
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Go with the flow.
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I'm going to go with the flow.
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I'm done complaining.
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I'm evolving.
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Just going to go with the flow.
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Then we have the phrase to put one's foot down.
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And this just means to use your authority to stop something from happening.
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And often I think people would use this phrase in the first person,
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talking about something that's happening at that moment,
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in which case they're going to use the continuous tense,
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I'm putting my foot down.
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So think about somebody who is more of an authority figure,
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like parents would say this to their child.
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If they want to go out to some party and the parent doesn't want them to go,
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they could say, no, you're not going to that party.
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I'm putting my foot down.
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I'm using my authority to stop this from happening.
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I'm putting my foot down.
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There are two things that I want you to keep in mind when pronouncing this phrase.
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The first is that if you're saying it in the continuous tense,
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the T in putting comes between two vowel sounds.
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So again, being from the United States,
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I am going to use a flat T,
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so it'll sound like a soft D.
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I'm putting my foot down.
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The other thing I want to say is that foot down.
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There's some co-articulation going on because the position of your tongue when you say foot,
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all right, that stop t,
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your tongue is going to be at the top part of your mouth.
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But then when you move into saying down,
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your tongue with that d sound is also going to be at the top.
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So you're not going to touch it twice and say them as two different words,
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you're really going to say foot and then move right into that d sound in down.
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Foot down, foot down, and your tongue is really just coming up to the top part of your mouth one time.
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Foot down.
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I'm putting my foot down.
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Come on you guys.
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I'm putting my foot down.
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Either the dog moves out or I do.
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Then there's down the drain,
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which is, it's not a good phrase because it means that work or money has just been wasted.
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So if I were to say,
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all that work down the drain,
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that the work was, well,
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it wasn't used, it was wasted,
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maybe it was destroyed, just down the drain.
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Or the money that I won went right down the drain.
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Okay, I used it all up, probably carelessly.
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It's gone now, and it just went right down the drain.
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The pronunciation of this phrase, it's pretty straightforward.
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The only thing I would say is that the article is going to be pronounced with that schwa sound, the.
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It's that weaker sound, down the drain.
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I bought you a ticket for the MyPad raffle, Dad.
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Oh, that's tooth fairy money down the drain, sweetie.
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I never win anything.
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Next is to come under fire.
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And this just means to be criticized.
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And really, someone or something comes under fire.
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I could say the government has come under fire after the failed response.
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People are angry, they're upset,
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they're criticizing the government, so the government has come under fire.
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Or the CEO has come under fire after the latest scandal.
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Again, people are angry and they're criticizing and someone has come under fire.
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Now, when pronouncing this phrase,
244
again, there's a little bit of linking going on
245
that final consonant sound in come is going to get linked with the vowel sound in under.
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Come under.
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Come under fire.
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Take a look.
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Cam Brady has come under fire.
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Getting it on with this one.
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Shana St. Croix, a former professional cheerleader.
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The next one.
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And it's also one of my favorite phrases from this lesson.
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And that is jump to conclusions.
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And what this means is that someone is just guessing the facts about a situation without having enough information.
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And you would say someone is jumping to conclusions.
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Often I think people may use this with not.
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In that case, you're telling someone,
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let's not jump to conclusions.
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Let's not guess until we get more information.
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So I could say, let's not jump to conclusions.
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We need more evidence that is beyond a shadow of a doubt.
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So in the meantime, let's just not jump to conclusions.
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For pronunciation, the only thing that I would say is that preposition to.
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It can either be pronounced to,
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but sometimes it's pronounced with that schwa sound,
267
and it's going to sound like to.
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And often I think you will hear people say to when they're using this phrase,
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jump to conclusions.
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Okay, I'll say it slowly again so you can hear that to.
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Jump to conclusions.
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And then when I say it quickly, jump to conclusions.
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So it's a very subtle difference,
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but I'm still using that schwa, jump to conclusions.
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This was stolen from there.
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We're accessories to a federal crime.
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Let's not jump to conclusions.
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A lot of things start with you.
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Then there's out of one's depth.
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And this means that a person is not having the knowledge,
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experience, or skills to deal with a particular situation or subject.
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I think you would often hear somebody saying this phrase to another person,
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in which case they're saying,
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look, you're out of your depth.
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It's too difficult.
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You don't have the experience or the knowledge.
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You're out of your depth.
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A few things when it comes to pronunciation.
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Out of.
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So that T, again, it comes between two vowel sounds,
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so I'll pronounce it as a flat T,
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and then I will link it with the vowel sound in of.
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Out of.
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Out of.
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And then just keep in mind depth.
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It ends with that voiceless TH.
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It's very slight, but you should pronounce that voiceless TH.
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Depth.
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Out of your depth.
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Out of your depth.
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I know what I'm doing.
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You don't.
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You're out of your depth, Ruth.
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And I'm not going to let you drag Jonah down with you, okay?
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And then there's to do someone or something justice.
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And this just means to be accurate or fair by representing someone or something as that person or thing truly is.
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And let me give you a couple of examples.
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I think it'll make more sense.
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So this phrase is often used in the negative and with the pronoun it.
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Doesn't do it justice.
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So it's like I'm talking about a situation and then saying that it's just not an accurate representation.
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like the the book is
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so much better than the movie the movie doesn't do it justice
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or the Grand Canyon is breathtaking pictures don't do it justice
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that pictures are just it's just not a fair
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or accurate representation of the Grand Canyon you really got to go there the pictures they just don't do it justice.
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So when you say this phrase,
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if you're using the pronoun it,
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then there's going to be some intrusion.
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Intrusion is when you are adding a sound in between two other sounds.
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So in this case, we're going to add a slight W sound between do and it. Do it.
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This allows us to link those two vowel sounds together.
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It doesn't do it justice.
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It just doesn't do it justice.
325
It doesn't do you any justice, I'll tell you that.
326
You always said you like my nose.
327
I love your nose.
328
It's real big up there.
329
So I hope that I have demonstrated,
330
beyond a shadow of a doubt,
331
that these phrases are useful.
332
And I truly think that when you are learning advanced phrases like these,
333
you are not out of your depth.
334
You have the experience, you have the knowledge,
335
you just need to learn them and just get a little practice using them.
336
But I do not want to jump to conclusions.
337
Only you can tell me how much you understand and how much you have learned,
338
and I would appreciate it if you let me know down in those comments.
339
If you enjoyed the lesson and you learned something new,
340
please hit that like button.
341
As always, thank you so much for watching,
342
and I will see you next time. So long.
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Tudo o que você precisa para falar fluentemente
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Por que praticar a fala com este vídeo?
Praticar a fala em inglês utilizando vídeos como este é uma maneira eficaz de aprimorar suas habilidades de conversação. O foco em frases avançadas do nível C2 ajuda a expandir seu vocabulário e permite que você se expresse de forma mais precisa e articulada. Além disso, aprender através de prática de conversação em inglês com nativos proporciona uma construção de fluência mais natural. Incorporar essas expressões no seu dia a dia vai ajudá-lo a se sentir mais confiante ao se comunicar, seja em situações formais ou informais.
Gramática e Expressões em Contexto
No vídeo, algumas expressões são comentadas, tais como:
- Clear the air: Usada para indicar a necessidade de resolver conflitos e desavenças. A frase exemplifica bem o contexto de reconciliação entre amigos ou familiares.
- Trial and error: Refere-se à abordagem de experimentar diferentes métodos para resolver um problema. Essa estrutura enfatiza a importância de testar soluções até encontrar a que funciona.
- A time to clear the air: Aqui, a expressão é usada em um contexto fixo que reflete a urgência de resolver questões pendentes, mostrando a fluência do orador.
Essas expressões não só melhoram sua capacidade de comunicação, mas também são frequentemente usadas em conversas cotidianas, tornando-se essenciais para aqueles que buscam aprender inglês com youtube e integrar novos vocabulários ao seu repertório.
Armadilhas Comuns de Pronúncia
Muitos aprendizes enfrentam desafios ao pronunciar certas palavras e expressões. Um exemplo é o artigo the, que pode ser pronunciado de forma diferente dependendo do som que se segue. No discurso do vídeo, a pronúncia correta se torna vital para a clareza do diálogo. A transição entre um som de consoante e vogal muitas vezes é ignorada, levando a confusões. Além disso, a entonação durante a fala, especialmente no uso de expressões como clear the air, pode alterar o significado percebido.
Para realmente melhorar a pronúncia em inglês, recomendo a prática de shadow speech, onde você tenta imitar exatamente a entonação e os ritmos do falante original. Essa técnica não apenas ajudará a dominar aspectos complexos da pronúncia, mas também facilitará a internalização de frases e vocabulário, uma etapa fundamental na evolução de qualquer estudante de inglês.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — uma ação que começou antes e continua | have been arguing · I've been talking · they've been using |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | I've had · have shown · has just been wasted |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | are used · is fixed · is used |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | friends who are · person who wants · friends that have |
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.