Prática de Shadowing: Cache Systems Every Developer Should Know - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Caching is a common technique in modern computing to enhance system performance and reduce response time.
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From the front end to the back end, caching plays a crucial role in improving the efficiency of various applications and systems.
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A typical system architecture involves several layers of caching.
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At each layer, there are multiple strategies and mechanisms for caching data, depending on the requirements and the constraints of the specific application.
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Before diving into a typical system architecture, let's zoom in and look at how prevalent caching is within each computer itself.
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Let's first look at the computer hardware.
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The most common hardware caches are L1, L2, and L3 caches.
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L1 cache is the smallest and fastest cache, typically integrated into the CPU itself.
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It stores frequently accessed data and instructions, allowing the CPU to quickly access them without having to fetch them from slower memory.
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L2 cache is larger but slower than L1 cache, and is typically located on the CPU die.
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L3 cache is even larger and slower than L2 cache, and is often shared between multiple CPU cores.
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Another common hardware cache is the Translation Look -Aside Buffer, or TLB.
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It stores recently used virtual to physical address translations.
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It is used by the CPU to quickly translate virtual memory addresses to physical memory addresses, reducing the time needed to access data from memory.
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At the operating system level, there are PageCache and other file system caches.
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PageCache is managed by the operating system and resides in main memory.
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It is used to store recently used disk blocks in memory.
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When a program requests data from the disk, the operating system can quickly retrieve the data from memory instead of reading it from disk.
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There are other caches managed by the operating system such as the iNode cache.
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These caches are used to speed up file system operations by
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reducing the number of disk accesses required to access files and directories.
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Now let's zoom out and look at how caching is used in a typical application system architecture.
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On the application front end, web browsers can cache HTTP responses to enable faster retrieval of data.
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When we request data over HTTP for the first time and it is returned with an expiration policy in the HTTP header.
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We request the same data again, and the browser returns the data from its cache if available.
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Content delivery network, or CDNs, are widely used to improve the delivery of static content,
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such as images, videos, and other web access.
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One of the ways that CDNs speed up content delivery is through caching.
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When a user requests contents from a CDN, the CDN network looks for the requested content in its cache.
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If the content is not already in the cache, the CDN fetches it from the origin server and caches it on its edge servers.
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When another user requests the same content, the CDN can deliver the content directly from its cache,
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eliminating the need to fetch it from the origin server again.
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Some load balancers can cache resources to reduce the load on back -end servers.
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When a user requests content from a server behind a load balancer,
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the load balancer can cache the response and serve it directly to future users who request the same content.
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This can improve response times and reduce the load on back -end servers.
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Caching does not always have to be in memory.
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In messaging infrastructure, message brokers such as Kafka can cache a massive amount of messages on disk.
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This allows consumers to retrieve the messages at their own pace.
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The messages can be cached for a long period of time based on the retention policy.
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Distributed caches such as Redis can store key value pairs in memory, providing high read -write performance compared to traditional databases.
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Full text search engines, such as Elasticsearch, can index data for document search and log search,
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providing quick and efficient access to specific data.
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Even within the database, there are multiple levels of caching available.
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Data is typically written to a write -ahead log before being indexed in a B -tree.
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The buffer pool is a memory area used to cache query results, while materialized views can pre -compute query results for faster performance.
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The transaction log records all transactions and updates to the database, while the replication log tracks the replication state in a database cluster.
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Overall, caching data is an essential technique for optimizing system performance and reducing response time.
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From the front end to the back end, there are many layers of caching to improve the efficiency of various applications and systems.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Cache Systems Every Developer Should Know”. As palavras que mais se repetem: cache, caching, memory, content, request. Este vídeo tem 53 frases e 802 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 5:37. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 143 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. Apenas 75% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| cache substantivo | /kæʃ/ | esconderijo |
| server substantivo | /ˈsɝvɚ/ | servidor, server |
| disk substantivo | /dɪsk/ | disco |
| database substantivo | /ˈdeɪtəˌbeɪs/ | banco de dados, base de dados |
| architecture substantivo | /ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/ | arquitetura |
| layer substantivo | /ˈleɪ̯ɚ/ | camada |
| hardware substantivo | /ˈhɑɹdˌwɛɹ/ | equipamento |
| fetch verbo | /fɛt͡ʃ/ | buscar |
| technique substantivo | /tɛkˈniːk/ | técnica |
| efficiency substantivo | /ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si/ | eficiência |
| virtual adjetivo | /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/ | virtual |
| transaction substantivo | /tɹænˈzækʃən/ | transação |
| zoom verbo | /zuːm/ | zumbir |
| buffer substantivo | /ˈbʌfəɹ/ | solução tampão |
| retrieve verbo | /ɹɪˈtɹiːv/ | recuperar |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: cache /kæʃ/, efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si/, transaction /tɹænˈzækʃən/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: architecture /ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/, efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: disk /dɪsk/, technique /tɛkˈniːk/, topic /ˈtɑpɪk/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, requirement /ɹɪˈkwaɪɹmənt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, enable /ɪˈneɪ.bəl/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, retrieval /ɹɪˈtɹiːvəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: hardware /ˈhɑɹdˌwɛɹ/, enhance /ɪnˈhæns/, header /ˈhɛdɚ/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como cache, server, disk.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.