Prática de Shadowing: We’re Getting Closer to Discovering Why There’s A Universe At All - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Why is there matter in the universe at all?
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That's one of the longest standing questions in modern astrophysics.
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And the largest particle accelerator in the world may have cracked the egg of that question.
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Let's go back in time to when the universe was the seething soup of matter and energy.
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The energy manifests as photons, the matter manifesting as particles.
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In fact, they were matter-anti-matter particle pairs.
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Anytime the photon has sufficient energy, it will spontaneously convert itself into pairs of particles,
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according to E equals MC squared.
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E for energy, M for matter.
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This is the famous Einstein equation from 1905.
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Not the reason why he was given the Nobel Prize 16 years later, by the way.
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So, the way it works is, you start out with energy, if you're gonna make matter, the matter has to be such that if you recombine it,
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you get the energy again.
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So when a photon becomes matter, it becomes a matter-antimatter particle pair.
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Then that particle pair finds each other and becomes the photon again.
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And this is that soup that was sustained in the early universe.
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back and forth.
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Anytime there was matter, there was an equal amount of antimatter ready to re-annihilate and become photons again.
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The universe was happy in that state while it was expanding and cooling.
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Until, for some mysterious reason,
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one in a billion conversions of a photon into matter-antimatter particle pairs made only a matter particle.
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and no antimatter for every 999,999,999 photons.
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And the dance card of one of those particles, a matter particle, went unmatched.
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So as the universe expanded and cooled, the matter-antimatter particles that could find mates,
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did, became photons, leaving, stranding, one matter particle.
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And that is the universe we live in today.
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There was some symmetry broken in the early universe
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Symmetry laws are very powerful tools in physics that give us insights into phenomenon experiments time place pressure
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that You wouldn't otherwise know were it not for these symmetry rules and if at any time symmetry breaks Oh my gosh,
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we better find out why This has been a longstanding problem in modern astrophysics.
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As the universe cools, the energy of the photon systematically drops.
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When it drops below the energy of any two particles that it could possibly make, these are particles with a mass,
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convert that through E equals mc squared to find out how much energy it takes to make these two particles.
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If the energy of all the photons drops below that, below that, then the conversion of energy into matter stops.
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It can still happen in the centers of stars, but overall in the universe, it stops.
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We have not understood this symmetry breaking, we have not been able to duplicate it in our laboratories,
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in our particle accelerators, which are nothing more than the physicist petri dish of the early universe.
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We set up the conditions in our particle accelerators
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that resemble what was going on in the early universe
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and that's how we know anything that was happening near the Big Bang itself.
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Alright, so the Greeks imagined that if you broke down matter to smaller
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and smaller bits you'd get to something that was indivisible and the Greek word for indivisible is atom.
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In late 19th century science we would learn that atoms are in fact divisible.
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They're composed of particles themselves.
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Electrons that gives us our electrical current.
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The nucleus of atoms are protons and neutrons.
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Then people figured, well, now we have the fundamental particles.
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Electrons, protons, and neutrons.
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But then we found out you can bust open protons and neutrons into smaller particles still.
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And that's when physicist, theorist Murray Gell-Mann,
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realized that maybe there are three particles contained within each the neutron and the proton.
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And remembering a quote from James Joyce's Finnegan's Wake, three quarks for Mustermark.
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He said, oh, there's three, and that sentence has the word quark in it, let's call them quarks.
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We would later learn that there are more kinds of quarks than those three, but the name has stuck, and we're fine with it.
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Won't be the last time physicists use fanciful terms to describe newly discovered particles.
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These quarks have fractional charges.
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Think about it.
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If a proton is composed of three quarks and a proton has plus one, then the charges on these three quarks have to add up to plus one.
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So the proton has two quarks that have plus two thirds charge.
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Add two thirds plus two thirds, what do you get?
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You get one and a third.
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And it has a quark that has a minus one third charge.
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So two thirds plus two thirds minus one third, that gives you plus one.
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And if you take these and combine them in all kinds of ways, or you get the anti-matter versions of those quarks that have the opposite charge,
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you can add them up to get a minus one charge, or you can add them up to get no charge at all.
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So if you want to make an anti-matter neutron, you say, well, what's the opposite charge of no charge?
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Got to go inside, find out which quarks it's made of, then get the anti-quarks of that, put them together to still get you no charge.
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So you get a matter no charge neutron and an anti-matter no charge neutron.
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fun with particle physics.
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And we would learn, in my lifetime by the way, because that's how old I am, that there are three energy levels of particles.
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Three families.
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The low-energy one, which we live in, the electrons, protons, neutrons, this sort of thing.
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The next level has heavier versions of those particles and those quarks.
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Heavier versions.
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And there's There's a third level as well, at even higher energies that we discovered in our most powerful particle accelerators.
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So you combine all three of these regimes together into one description, and that is the standard model of particle physics.
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Recently at the European Organization for Nuclear Research, acronym CERN, C-E-R-N, in their Large Hadron Collider,
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Hadrons are nuclear particles, so it's really busting up atomic nuclei.
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They found an asymmetry in the formation of matter and antimatter particle pairs.
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But it was for a special configuration of particles.
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So how did they do it?
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It turns out the neutron is unstable.
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Within about 15 minutes, a neutron will decay into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino.
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Well, why those three particles?
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Well a neutron is what we call a baryon.
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We need another baryon on the other side of that equation It's the proton check, but neutron has no charge
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Proton has a plus charge got to get rid of
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that somehow You know what's created an electron with a negative charge cancels out the charges.
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We're good there The electron is what's called a lepton.
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I didn't start with leptons by the time I'm done I better not have any either in the particle arithmetic
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So you know what it comes out?
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An anti-neutrino.
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Neutrinos are leptons just like electrons.
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So an anti-neutrino cancels the electron and so now There's nothing that we started with that we didn't also end with.
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That's how the particle physics works.
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It works magnificently, but what CERN did was they made a special kind of neutron.
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They took out one of the quarks of of the neutron and swapped in a quark from the higher energy level regime.
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This would not normally happen.
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You don't normally see this.
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So they made a heavy neutron and then they waited and watched.
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And out of 80,000 decays of that neutron, 2.5% of them did not make an antimatter particle,
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violating the symmetry laws of physics.
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Now, who thought this up?
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Who said, hey, let's take a quark from here where it doesn't belong and put it over here and see what happens? happens,
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that's part of the creativity of the scientists to figure out how to test what nature is up to, what nature is capable of,
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what might have been happening in the early universe.
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It's not clear whether this kind of particle prevailed in the early universe,
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but it wouldn't take much of an asymmetry to set things into motion
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and end up with a universe made of just matter and no antimatter.
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What do I mean by no antimatter?
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We create antimatter in the lab, the sun makes antimatter in its core, but it's always paired with a matter particle.
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We're talking about loner matter particles.
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Okay, it's a crack in the egg of this matter-antimatter asymmetry.
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And maybe there's more to be revealed, but right now it's a measurement for which there is no understanding.
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There is no theory of physics that accounts for it.
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because in fact it's a violation of very strongly held physical principles.
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So watch that space.
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It's the famous matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe.
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So let's have fun with that briefly.
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Maybe the antimatter particles were created in the early universe, but they slipped out of this universe and made another universe.
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Maybe there's another universe that's made of all antimatter.
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So if there were planets and stars and life, they'd be made of antimatter.
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Maybe they're aliens in that other universe and if they can tunnel, take a wormhole, and come into our universe...
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The first thing I do if you greet an alien is flip it a coin.
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If the alien spontaneously explodes upon catching the coin, it was made of antimatter.
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And it came from another universe.
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So I always carry a coin just in case There's an alien that I have to greet right now.
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That's the frontier of science fiction
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Maybe one day becoming science fact and that's what's up with that
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I'm watching that space and I invite you to do so as well as always Keep looking up
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Thank you.
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O Cenário: Uma Jornada Científica no Universo
O vídeo mergulha em uma discussão fascinante sobre a origem da matéria no universo, explorando conceitos como partículas, antimatéria e quebra de simetria. Essa conversa científica é perfeita para praticar a compreensão de termos técnicos e a fluidez na fala, já que combina explicações claras com uma linguagem dinâmica. Ao acompanhar, você aprende a articular ideias complexas enquanto melhora a pronúncia em inglês.
Trechos Úteis e Colocações para Memorizar
- "Seething soup of matter and energy": Uma "sopa fervilhante de matéria e energia" – uma metáfora poderosa para descrever o universo primordial. Útil para falar de estados caóticos ou complexos.
- "Spontaneously convert itself into": "Se converter espontaneamente em" – essencial para explicar processos científicos, como transformações de energia em matéria.
- "Symmetry broken": "Quebra de simetria" – um termo chave na física, mas também aplicável em contextos onde uma equilíbrio é interrompido.
- "Duplicate it in our laboratories": "Reproduzí-lo em nossos laboratórios" – útil para falar de experimentos e tentativas de replicar fenômenos naturais.
- "Bust open protons and neutrons into": "Quebrar prótons e nêutrons em" – uma expressão coloquial para descrever a divisão de partículas, ideal para conversas técnicas.
Seu Desafio de Shadowing: Imite e Domine
O shadowing (ou "shadowspeak") é uma técnica comprovada para melhorar a pronúncia e a fluência. Para este vídeo, siga estes passos: 1) Escute um trecho de 30 segundos (por exemplo, a parte sobre a equação E=mc²). 2) Repita imediatamente após o áudio, imitando a entonação, o ritmo e a articulação. 3) Grave sua voz e compare com o original, observando diferenças no destaque de palavras (como "Einstein" ou "antimatter"). 4) Repita o processo até que sua fala fique o mais próxima possível. Essa prática de "shadow speech" ajuda a internalizar a estrutura da língua e a falar com mais naturalidade. Lembre: a consistência é a chave para dominar essa técnica!
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | was given · was sustained · is composed |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | has been · have not understood · has stuck |
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.