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Welcome to PPExpert, my name is Tom and I'll be presenting the Aircraft General Knowledge course.

This course is designed to give you an in -depth understanding

on the theory required to pass the CAA theory exam for this particular topic.

Despite this, own self -study, commitment, and discipline will be required.

The course is displayed in the form of a slideshow which I'll be talking through.

Please feel free to pause the recording at any point to either take a break

or write down any notes

so now we're going to look at the contents of what we're going to cover in the subject

so we're going to cover the airframe of the aircraft the aircraft engine itself

and its components the carburetor aircraft systems so how they will work

and instrumentation okay and all these will be covered in more detail

which is applicable to the PPL syllabus for the exams

so the major components of an aeroplane are the fuselage

which is the main body where the passengers sit the wings

which create the lift tail assembly which is the horizontal

and the vertical stabilizer flight controls so how we maneuver the aircraft the landing gear

which absorbs the weight of the aircraft and the engine

and the propeller okay

so we're gonna go through all of these in more detail

first of all though we're going to look at the fuselage

so the main body of the aircraft and it is the main structure to

which all other components are attached okay

so all the other all the other components are attached to

the fuselage the fuselage is the main the main part of it now different aircraft have different construction techniques

but most light aircraft are of a semi monocop construction

and we'll go through what that means next

so first of all what is a monocoque construction

and a monocoque construction is when the skin of

that structure is the entire weight bearing structure

so the skin has all the strength in it to hold

a shape the way it is okay there are formers inside used to keep the shape

but they aren't structural bearing it's the skin itself that holds the weight of the aircraft

and its strength effectively so an example of this maybe could be something like an egg

if you were to hold an egg

and squeeze it really hard it's probably unlikely to break

but once that shell cracks then the structural integrity of the egg is broken

and that's similar to a monocoque construction where the skin holds all the rigidity and strength within the structure.

Then we have a semi -monocoque construction.

The way this works is there's a lightweight framework inside which

that supports the skin and it's the combination of the framework and the skin itself which will give the structure strength.

So it's a combination between formers and skin

that improves the strength of any structure if the skin is damaged that means

that not necessarily the whole structure will be compromised in strength

as it's got sort of almost two layers of protectivity

and most aircraft use make use of this technique as it offers the most redundancy

if anything were to get damaged so next we're going look at the wings

so the wings itself are the component that create lift

and they're exposed to very heavy loads

and those loads are well in excess of the aircraft's weight

itself the main structure of the wing is a central spa

which is where all the strength within the wing lies okay

and it can carries the loads vertically upwards and downwards

and then from the spa there's also ribs

which often stiffen the skin of the wing itself

and they help transfer some of the load

so it just increases the structural integrity of the aircraft

so here's a diagram of a wing construction

so you've got the skin itself which offers some strength you've got the main spar

which is the most load -bearing part and then the ribs itself

which offers some strength in a perpendicular direction okay

and all of these together is what increases the strength within the aircraft

So different aircraft have different wing designs and it's by and large to their purpose.

So you can see that some aircraft have a lower wing, some aircraft have a higher wing or some aircraft have a biplane design, so dual wings.

They all perform the same purpose

and it will have very slight characteristic differences between the handling of these aircraft but by

and large they all perform exactly the same in terms of

creating lift it's just a different way of constructing an aircraft

so next we can look at the tail

or otherwise known as the empennage

and it consists of two elements okay we've got horizontal stabilizer

and a vertical stabilizer okay

and most conventional is the horizontal stabilizer lower down with a vertical stabilizer going up

and it's better because it's easily accessible for checking on the ground

but it's more susceptible from turbulence from the wings there are also t tail designs where the horizontal stabilizer is higher up

and that means it's clear of that turbulence so it's slightly smoother to control

however it's inaccessible on the ground it's harder to check for damage on the pre -flights

and also a high detail design is susceptible to a steep stall

which is talked about in principles of flight

so just um some housekeeping about securing an aircraft

so we want to secure the aircraft facing into the wind

if possible we should tie it down as well if we can

so tight to the floor to make sure it's not gonna move around want to lock the control services

and that's a lock within the aircraft

which means the control services aren't free to move around covering

the pitot tube with a cover as well as in all engine openings

and we'll talk about some of these elements later on in AGK and

if you need out just refer to the pilots handbook where

it will give the best way to do all of these things

so next we're going to look at cabin ventilation

so how the cockpit of the aircraft gets ventilated with warm

and cooler air so for cooler air there's normally a vent

which just opens up to the outside where fresh air flow

can flow into the cockpits providing the cooler air from the

outside inside the cabin warmer however it's obviously much hotter to come by

and it's taken from around the engine so there's a shroud around the exhaust

and that air is heated by the exhaust which is then pumped into the cabin as hot air.

We just need to be careful that because it's taken from around the exhaust

if there was any pipes damaged in regards to the exhaust then

that exhaust gas could leak into the air ventilation system

100

and therefore cause carbon monoxide poisoning which can be deadly

101

if exposed to and that's why we have carbon monoxide poisoners

102

which we'll look at next so it's just being aware

103

that all the hot air is coming from around the engine

104

and the gases associated with that

105

so as I said carbon monoxide poisoning could be present

106

if there's a leak in the exhaust system and therefore the ventilation

107

so we just need to be aware of it it's we talk more about it in human performance

108

and limitations but some of the symptoms could be a headache, dizziness, nausea, a deterioration of vision,

109

slow breathing, unconsciousness and eventually if we don't do anything about it death.

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Okay so we do need to be aware of it

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if we'd start experiencing some of these symptoms we want to open the cabin air vents

112

and let that fresh air from the outside come in

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so we're not exposed to much of that hotter air which could possibly have carbon monoxide poisoning in it.

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We also have detectors in the aircraft in two forms one is a alarm just like a fire alarm

115

and also we have this one as well

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which is a yellow orange circle and once carbon monoxide has been detected

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that orange circle will start to get some black dots on it

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so now we're going to look at an aircraft engine okay

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and more specific to the kind of engines that we will be using

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which are piston engines

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so we'll we'll actually be using the aircraft we fly there's lots of different types of piston engine aircrafts

122

so different the way they're built and their purposes However, most engines in general aviation are horizontally opposed,

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and we'll look at that later on.

124

Normally engines for aviation are specifically designed.

125

They have higher tolerances, they're generally stronger,

126

lighter to save weight, and they have more reliability let's see.

127

So the first engine we're going to look at is a radial engine.

128

And the cylinders in the radial engine are arranged around a central crankshaft.

129

So they're all the way around a central point.

130

They're quite large in diameter.

131

And what this does is it allows for a high number of cylinders in a small space okay

132

so they've got high power to size generally they're quite complex and they're quite prone to malfunction they're generally found on

133

older aircraft they're not yet used too much nowadays

134

but they do up a lot of power

135

which is why they were used some years ago the next kind of engine is a straight four

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so instead of being horizontally opposed it's vertically opposed it's very

137

simple design it's easy to access all the certain parts of the engine however it's not very space efficient

138

so it's quite large in size it's a lot of wasted space underneath the cowling

139

and they are ultimately a little bit heavier than the engines

140

that we use nowadays and these will be generally found on smaller but older aircraft

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so we also have diesel engines and these are very modern uh engines the way

142

that they're produced however they run off diesel

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or more commonly jets a1 fuel

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and the advantage of this is a lot cheaper to run

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it's a lot cheaper fuel it's a lot stronger as well

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and they're often based off car engines

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which are then adapted for aviation however the disadvantage with this is they do require heavy turbochargers to give it

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that extra power so they're generally a heavier engine

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but then they are more reliable and cheaper to run an aircraft on as well

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so more commonly what will be used is a horizontally opposed

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so that means the cylinders will be moving in a horizontal direction

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and normally a four cylinder or possibly a six cylinder on the aircraft

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and this is the most common type of engine it's very lightweight it's simple

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and that's what is the best for aviation to save weights

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and to make it easy to maintain

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so now we're going to look at the piston engine in

157

a bit more detail as you need to know it for the CA exam

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and how it works and all the elements to it

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but the main purpose of the cylinder

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or the cylinder piston engine is to create chemical energy

161

so petrol or fuel into kinetic energy so into a energy

162

that we can use the crankshaft which is the central point of the engine

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and the connecting rod which is connects the cylinder

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and the piston converts horizontal motion into a rotary motion

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so that's what the cylinders are horizontally opposed within a piston engine

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and the the crankshaft will turn

167

that horizontal motion into a rotary motion to turn a propeller

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or some kind of drive shaft

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so we need to look at the the stages of a

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four -stroke cylinder engine also known as the auto cycle

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and there's four main stages you need to know now in

172

a four cylinder engine this these won't all happen at the same time all happen simultaneously

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So one cylinder will be doing one event, the other cylinder will be doing another.

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So the first stage is called the intake stage.

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Now that's where there's two valves.

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There's got an inlet valve where air -fuel mixture comes in, and then we've got an exhaust valve.

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And you can see those on the first number one picture, there's those two sort of T -looking shapes.

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The inlet valve is the top one, the exhaust valve is the bottom one.

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We've also got two magnetos as well, which are those things on the side of the cylinder wall, and then we've got the piston head,

180

the cone rod, and the crankshaft lower down.

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So in the first stage, the piston moves down within the...

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

В этом видео 181 предложений и 2150 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 14:33. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 148 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. 82% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
cylinder существительное	/ˈsɪləndɚ/	цили́ндр
exhaust глагол	/ɪɡˈzɔst/	исче́рпывать, исче́рпать
horizontal прилагательное	/ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/	горизонта́льный
component существительное	/kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/	компоне́нт, составна́я часть
valve существительное	/ˈvælv/	ве́нтиль, кла́пан
oppose глагол	/əˈpoʊz/	препя́тствовать, воспрепя́тствовать
aviation существительное	/ˌeɪ̯.viːˈeɪ̯.ʃən/	авиа́ция, воздухопла́вание
cabin существительное	/ˈkæbɪn/	хи́жина, до́мик
ventilation существительное	/ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/	вентиля́ция, прове́тривание
tail существительное	/ˈteɪ̯l/	хвост
structural прилагательное	/ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/	структу́рный
vertical прилагательное	/ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəl/	вертика́льный, отве́сный
poison существительное	/ˈpɔɪ.zən/	яд, отра́ва
expose глагол	/ɪkˈspoʊz/	выставля́ть, раскрыва́ть
commonly наречие	/ˈkɑmənli/	обы́чно, обыкнове́нно

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Значение
go up глагол	поднима́ться, подня́ться
run off глагол	убега́ть, убежа́ть
talk through глагол	объяснять
write down глагол	запи́сывать, записа́ть

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	is designed · will be required · is displayed
Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете	itself which will · exhaust which is · poisoning which can

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 45 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например they're, we're, we'll. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «th»: smooth /smuːð/, breathe /bɹiːð/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: aviation /ˌeɪ̯.viːˈeɪ̯.ʃən/, ventilation /ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, structural /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, aviation /ˌeɪ̯.viːˈeɪ̯.ʃən/, ventilation /ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, integrity /ɪnˈtɛɡɹəti/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как cylinder, exhaust, horizontal.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

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