Практика Shadowing: How Bitcoin Works in 5 Minutes (Technical) - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

Выберите режим практики

Каждый режим открывает полноэкранную комнату практики.

29 предложений

Если предложения слишком короткие или длинные, нажмите Edit, чтобы их изменить.

At a very basic level, Bitcoin is just a digital file or ledger that contains names and balances, and people exchange money by changing this file. When Bob sells Carol a lawn mower for 5.2 Bitcoins, Bob's balance goes up by 5.2, and Carol's down by 5.2. There's no gold or government issued money backing these numbers.

Bob is only willing to trade his real-life lawn mower for a higher number in this digital file because he has faith that other people will also trust the system.

So who maintains this ledger and makes sure no one cheats? One goal of Bitcoin is to avoid any centralized control, so every participant maintains their own copy of the ledger.

One surprising consequence of this is that everyone can see everyone else's balances, although the real system only uses account numbers and not names, so there's some level of anonymity.

If everyone maintains their own ledger, how are all the ledgers kept in sync as money is transferred? At a basic level, when you want to send money, you simply tell everyone else by broadcasting a message with your account number, the receiver's, and the amount.

Everyone across the entire world then updates their ledger.

As a quick aside, I'm describing how Bitcoin works for power users--people who help maintain the system. You can also just use the system to send a receive money, though, without maintaining a ledger.

If sending money is as simple as creating a message with some account numbers, what's to stop a thief, Alice, from spending Bob's money by using his account number? Like a pen and paper check, Bitcoin requires a kind of signature to prove that the sender is the real owner of an account, but it's based on math rather than handwriting.

When a new account number is created, it comes along with a private key mathematically linked to that account number. If you've heard of a Bitcoin wallet, these keys are what it holds, and are what allow you to create signatures.

To create a signature, a private key and the text from a transaction are fed into a special cryptographic function. Another function allows other people to check the signature, making sure it was created by the account owner, and that it applies to that specific transaction.

Unlike the handwritten version, these signatures can't be copied and reused in the future, as they're unique to each transaction.

While the mathematical signatures prove who sent a transaction, they can't prove when it was sent, and this turns out to be problematic.

In our traditional banking system, if Alice wrote two checks, but only had enough money to cover one of them, the bank would pay the first person attempting to cash his check, but refuse the 2nd, because Alice's account would be empty.

So the order of these checks is critical, because it determines who should get paid.

Unfortunately, order is much harder to determine in Bitcoin, where instead of single bank, there are individuals all over the world. Network delays might cause transactions to arrive in different orders at different places, and fraudsters could lie about timestamps.

Two recipients might both think their transaction is first and ship a product, effectively allowing Alice to spend her money twice! Bitcoin prevents this by providing a way for the entire world to decide on transaction order.

As new transactions are created, they go into a pool of pending transactions. And from here, they'll be sorted into a giant chain that locks in their order.

To select which transaction is next, a kind of mathematical lottery is held. Participants select a pending transaction of their choice, and begin trying to solve a special problem that will link it to the end of the chain. The first person to find a solution wins, and gets to have their transaction selected as the next in the chain.

So what's this linking problem? It's based on a special function called a cryptographic hash. As scary as this sounds, it just mixes up its inputs and spits out a number, but it's special because it's irreversible. There's no easy way to start with an output and then find an input that generates it other than making lots of guesses. And this is literally what people are doing in Bitcoin--feeding this function random numbers until the output meets certain criteria.

Besides a random guess, you also input a transaction from the pending pool and chain, which is where the linking part comes in.

So the lottery provides a way for the entire world to decide which transaction is next, but the math behind it also helps ensure that everyone agrees about past transactions, too.

Suppose you're joining the network for the first time, and request a copy of the transaction chain to get caught up, but receive several different versions. Which one should you trust?

Ideally, you would trust the one that the majority of people are using, but determining this on the internet is difficult. What would stop a single person from voting millions of times? Bitcoin prevents this by requiring people to solve math problems to vote. This causes each vote to have a cost in computing power, making it unlikely that a single person or group could ever afford to outvote or out-compute the majority of users.

The transaction ordering process described before actually provides the voting system.

Part of the input to the linking problem is a transaction from the end of a chain, so each guess is effectively a vote for that chain. But how are all the votes tallied?

Because the cryptographic hash function has well defined statistical properties, you can look at any given answer and estimate how many guesses it took to find it, just like estimating how many coin flips it would take to get 100 heads in a row. So the links in a chain not only put transactions in order, but also act as an effective vote tally, making it easy to see which chain most people are using.

Finally, how does the money get created? Every time someone wins the lottery to pick the next transaction in the chain, new Bitcoins are created out of thin air and awarded to their account.

Solving these problem is commonly called "mining," as this is how money enters the system, but the main purpose of the math is to make sure everyone's ledgers agree. The math simply provides a convenient way to randomly distribute money into the world. In fact, sometime around 2140, no more money will be created, and participants will only be paid from fees added on to transactions.

I hope this gives you a quick sense for how Bitcoin works. If you'd like a more detailed summary, check out my 22 minute video: How Bitcoin Works Under the Hood.

Скачать приложение

Всё для свободной речи

ИИ-оценка произношенияОценка каждой фразы

Практика IPAОсвойте каждый звук

СловарьСоберите свой словарный запас

Игра со словамиУчитесь играя

Сканировать QR

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

FOR YOU

Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

В этом видео 29 предложений и 1139 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 5:18. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 215 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. Только 80% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
transaction существительное	/tɹænˈzækʃən/	сде́лка
signature существительное	/ˈsɪɡ.nə.t͡ʃə/	по́дпись, ро́спись
mathematics существительное	/mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/	матема́тика
input существительное	/ˈɪnpʊt/	вклад
select глагол	/sɪˈlɛkt/	отбира́ть
solve глагол	/sɒlv/	реша́ть, реши́ть
pending прилагательное	/ˈpɛndɪŋ/	ожида́ющий реше́ния
lottery существительное	/ˈlɑtɚi/	лотере́я
participant существительное	/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/	уча́стник, уча́стница
output существительное	/ˈaʊtpʊt/	произво́дство, проду́кция
estimate существительное	/ˈɛs.tɪ.mət/	оце́нка
mathematical прилагательное	/ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/	математи́ческий
lawn существительное	/lɔːn/	газо́н, лужа́йка
hash существительное	/ˈhæʃ/	кро́шево
tally глагол	/ˈtæli/	считать

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Значение
check out глагол	проверя́ть, прове́рить
go up глагол	поднима́ться, подня́ться

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	is transferred · is created · are fed
Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете	people who help · chain, which is

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 8 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например can't, I'm, they'll. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «th»: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, thin /ˈθɪn/, thief /ˈθiːf/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: transaction /tɹænˈzækʃən/, hash /ˈhæʃ/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, statistical /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kəl/, recipient /ɹəˈsɪp.i.ənt/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как transaction, signature, mathematics.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

Практика Shadowing: How Bitcoin Works in 5 Minutes (Technical) - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

Выберите режим практики

Скачать приложение

Рекомендуемое видео

What is Bitcoin? Bitcoin Explained Simply

Everything Valuable from an MBA in 25 minutes

Distributed Transactions Explained: 2 Phase Commit vs Saga Pattern

How a CPU Works in 100 Seconds // Apple Silicon M1 vs Intel i9

The Most Confused Concepts in Engineering

Exposing The Flaw In Our Phone System

How to Feel Rich When Your Bank Account Doesn't Agree Yet

World Models explained in 10min..

System Design: Why is Kafka Popular?

Podcast Nâng Cao - Cùng Mình Nói Về Tiền | Học 37 Từ Vựng Hàng Ngày | Tập 23

How to Make Anything - Learn to Think Like an Engineer

How Ad Blockers Work