Практика Shadowing: Jordan Peterson: "Why Being Yourself Is Terrible Advice" - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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Look, let's say you're socially anxious Okay, so what happens when you're socially anxious?

You go to a party, your heart's beating, why?

The party is a monster, why?

Because it's judging you And it's judging you, it's putting you low down the dominance hierarchy Because that's what a negative judgement is,

and that interferes with your sexual success And that means that you're being harshly evaluated by nature itself Right,

so you are confronting the dragon of chaos when you go into the social situation And so what do you do?

You're like this, right, you hunch over, and that's low dominance I'm no threat, it's like, well that's not gonna get you very far You know,

but that's a logical thing to do in the face of a tyrant, so I'm no threat You know, you look at the king and you're dead,

I'm no threat, I'm hunched over And then what's happening internally, what are people thinking about me, what are people thinking about me?

Am I looking stupid?

Am I looking foolish?

Geez, I'm awkward.

I hate being here.

Man, I'm sweating too much.

It's all internalized, right?

It's all self -focused.

The I isn't working.

What do you tell people?

Stop.

Don't stop thinking about yourself, because you can't.

It's like, don't think of a white elephant.

White elephant, white elephant, white elephant.

You can't tell someone to stop thinking about something because they get caught in the loop.

But what you do with socially anxious people is you say, look at other people.

Look at them.

Right?

Why?

Because if you look at them, you can tell what they're thinking.

And then, unless you're terribly socialized, and some people are, some people have no social skills.

And so, the reason they can't go to a party is because they don't even know how to introduce themselves.

Like, they're just, no one ever taught them how to behave.

And so they're really good candidates for behavior therapy

Because you walk them through the process of how you actually manifest the procedures

that are associated with social acceptability But most people aren't like that, they have the ability So if they're really introverted and high in neuroticism,

they can usually talk quite well to someone one -on -one Why?

Because they look at them Well, if I look at you, it's another thing to do

if you're ever speaking to a group of people Never speak

to the group of people It doesn't exist You talk to individuals

And then they reflect for you the entire group

Because they're all entrained If you look at one person They broadcast to you what everyone's thinking

And you know how to talk to one person So it's easy

So as soon as you focus on the person Not you

You push your attention outward Use your eye You push your attention outward And you start watching Well, then all your automatic mechanisms kick in, and you stop being awkward Because if we're talking,

and I'm looking here, I don't know what you're going to do next And I'm going to put disjunctions into the...

They're like bad chords in the melody of our conversation And the reason is,

I'm not paying attention So that's why the I is the thing at the top of the pyramid It's like,

the thing that enables you to win the set of all possible dominance hierarchies is the I Pay attention,

pay attention That's the critical issue That's why the Egyptians worshipped Horus That's why Horus was the thing

that rescued Osiris from the depths It's the capacity to pay attention What do you pay attention to most?

What your right hemisphere signals as anomalous It attracts your attention It's like, this isn't going quite right I'm not looking at that Wrong!

That's what you look at That's what you look at What's not going right because that's.. see, that's the terrible monster that might eat you,

but it's also the place you get all the information so, that's why it's useful to have discussions with your enemies

because they will tell you things you do not know and that's such a great thing, because if you don't know them, well, you're not very smart, are you?

you know, there may be a time when you go somewhere that's the thing you need to know

and maybe your enemy will tell you why you're such a fool, you know, and a bunch of other things that aren't true, too But even one thing that's accurate, it's like, yeah, thanks very much,

man, maybe I'll do some work on that And I won't have to carry that forward So, and that's part of the reason,

again, why the terrible predator It's always the terrible predator that has the gold It's like, it's the person who delivers the message you do not want to hear So it's rough,

it's rough But it doesn't matter, life is rough So I guess the case that I was making last time, at least in part, was that

One way of conceptualizing the fundamental problem

that human beings face is to conceptualize it as an ongoing struggle with complexity

and complexity emerges as a...

Consequence of the sort of finite boundedness of individual consciousness

and the incredible excess of the unbounded everywhere else Even including underneath that consciousness,

because of course your individual consciousness depends on the function

Or is related to the function of things that are so complex you can't even understand it So there you are, surrounded by some things that you understand,

in an ocean of things that you don't understand at all And including things about yourself

And it's not obvious at all how people solve that problem, because in some sense it's not solvable The fact that you don't have the cognitive resources,

or the conceptual resources To understand everything that you need to understand in order to properly orient yourself in the world now,

obviously, partly the way we deal with that is that we cooperate with other people and so that radically multiplies our resources, incredibly multiplies our resources so,

and it's something to consider always when, you know, so much of the political dialogue

that surrounds us now consists of a critique of cooperative societies and an analysis of their oppressive nature And,

of course, that's true, because any cooperative system that specifies a certain endpoint

and produces a value hierarchy of some sort also simultaneously forces things into

that value system and then rank orders people according to the value structure.

And so there's an oppressive element to it.

But compared to being naked in chaos, generally it's better.

Now it doesn't always have to be, because it can get murderous, but generally speaking, well look, we're social animals, it doesn't matter Our evolutionary pathway has already taken us here,

and so we're individuals, but we're unbelievably social And so, that's that, as far as I can tell,

we'd have to be completely different creatures not to fall

Not to take advantage of and fall prey to the problems with social being

So one of the things that a neural net does

when you're training it Is learn to figure out

which things it can ignore And that's mostly what you're doing Is what can be ignored

And that's a tremendous realization too Because it highlights again How important the structure within which you exist

How importantly the structure within

which you exist Determines what manifests itself to you As you move through the world

Because you ignore almost everything So you ignore almost everything

But then you concentrate on things that move you along your way

or obstacles that get in your way And those things have emotional significance They're valenced,

and the reason they're valenced is because they're conceptualized in relationship to the journey You know, if you run across a tool or something positive An opportunity,

we could say, which is like an abstract tool Then

that moves you forward And the fact that it's moving you forward is signaled by the incentive reward system

Dopaminergically mediated incentive reward system that's grounded in the hypothalamus, the same system that you use

when you explore the same system that's activated by psychomotor stimulants like cocaine

and heroin and most of the drugs that people abuse

that system indicates to you that this entity is non -ignorable

because it's positively functionally related to the transformation of the world that you're attempting to accomplish so that makes you happy

That provides you with hope

and incentive to move forward A fundamental motivating force of life for human beings With the possible exception,

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say, of aggression and sexuality Which I would say operate much more sporadically This is pretty much continual And then,

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of course, the negative emotions are generated When you encounter something that gets in the way Which can require a small detour,

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let's say or can blow apart the frame that you're inhabiting completely

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and part of what we're trying to do is understand how you compute

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how emotional to get about certain classes of events and the reason

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that it's so complicated is because often when you run into a tool

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or an opportunity generally speaking it's not too hard to compute

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how useful it is although sometimes something can happen to you like, let's say you win a lottery,

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where the possibility space is so great that it's of indefinite positive significance, you know, and you're going to be overwhelmed by that sort of thing.

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It's pretty rare that something like that happens.

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It does happen to me.

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Maybe it happens when someone that you're desperately chasing for amorous purposes agrees to go out with you.

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That's another place where that sort of excitement occurs.

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It seems to occur to football players, you know, when they make a touchdown on TV, too, because they do their little touchdown and dance around like mad dogs And,

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you know, scientists never do that when they get a paper published

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So there's something about scoring a goal that's really got that incentive -reward blast, you know?

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So, anyhow, the positive emotion systems are operating,

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roughly speaking, because you have encountered something that moves you forward on your path And we could say that given,

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as we've discussed, that your value structure is a nested entity, right?

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With small goals nested inside larger goals, or small personalities nested inside of larger personalities

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A positive thing that's really positive has implications for what you're doing right now

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that are positive But also has positive implications higher up the abstraction chain You know, so for example,

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let's say you study really hard for an exam and you get a really good grade on it and you're surprised.

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You think, well, that's extraordinarily useful.

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I passed the grade, I passed the exam, I did well in the course, but that means that maybe I'm a better student than I thought, and given what I'm aiming for in the future,

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maybe I'm a more competent person than I had believed.

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And so you can see that the positive emotion would echo through those levels of analysis

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because it has implications on each level.

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Now, you're also trying, when you encounter something negative, to constrain its propagation across those levels, Because let's say you study really hard,

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and you fail, dismally, and so then you think, well, I messed up this course, I messed up this exam, I messed up this course, I'm not as good a student as I think I am,

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maybe I'm a failure as a person, and that can take you out completely, right?

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And, of course, there are certainly more traumatic events

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that can befall you than that A typical one

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that really will wipe someone out Imagine someone who's naive and dependent and over -sheltered And so they're off into the world,

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although they're not prepared for it

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And their axiomatic presuppositions aren't sophisticated enough To allow for the existence of radical uncertainty

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or malevolence and then one day they're attacked, when maybe they're out, they get mugged, or maybe they get raped, or something worse and they develop post -traumatic stress disorder from that,

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and the reason for that is that the event is so anomalous, especially combined with its malevolence,

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that it demolishes the interpretation frames from the local level all the way out to the superordinate level,

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and then the person is cast into this chaotic state And they're terrified, and angry, and vengeful, and paralyzed,

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and depressed, and all of those things simultaneously And maybe they never put the pieces back together, right?

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They descend into chaos, and that's that And if you're in a situation like that long enough,

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you know, the cortisol that's produced can produce permanent neurophysiological changes Shrinkage of the hippocampus,

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which is the part of the brain that moves information from short -term attention to long -term storage

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and growth of the amygdala, which is something that seems to tag stimuli,

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roughly speaking, with emotional significance more or less permanently because if you really encounter something traumatic,

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the hippocampus restricts information with regards to its application in a certain time and place so it's sort of situation specific,

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but if you encounter something truly dangerous, your brain is set up so that you will be afraid of it

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regardless of context so the amygdala can produce context -independent fears and those are basically,

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well, they can be part of post -traumatic stress disorder they can be part of a very, very serious phobia and

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so you can't contextualize them what you really do with someone who has a problem like

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that is you try to walk them through a recontextualization process so, you know, maybe if they're afraid of snakes so afraid of them they can't even really think of snakes You have them,

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well, first maybe you have them sit for one second

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and think of a cartoon snake And what happens is their brain notices

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that they can hold that image and nothing negative happens And

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so then in some sense it's built an inhibitory structure

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that partially inhibits Which is what inhibitory structures do

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That partially inhibits the otherwise context -independent fear that would constitute the phobia

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and so you basically build up contexts of safety around the phobia until the context signifies lack of danger

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and the person can progress forward if they're really damaged, it's really hard to do that,

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especially if the trauma was really severe the best way to teach people critical thinking is to teach them to write

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and I made this little thing that I put online, I don't know, is it in the Psych434 website? did I post that rubric for essay writing?

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I don't think it actually went through, but it is still on 430, that's how I...

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Is it not on 434?

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Is that not working?

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It's almost not on 430.

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Oh!

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Yeah.

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But I still found it.

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It's still in 434.

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Oh, okay.

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Well, there's an essay...

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Oh, that's too bad.

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It's not on the 434 website, even?

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Because I updated it.

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Anyways, I have this guide to writing that, if it isn't on the 434 website, it is definitely on the 430 website.

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And it steps people through the process of writing.

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Because what's happened now, it's very hard to teach people to write, because it's unbelievably time -intensive.

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And like writing, marking a good essay, that's really easy Check A, you did everything right Marking a bad essay,

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oh my god The words are wrong, the phrases are wrong, the sentences are wrong They're not ordered right in the paragraphs The paragraphs aren't coherent

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and the whole thing makes no sense So trying to tell the person what they did wrong It's like, well, you did everything wrong Everything about this essay is wrong Well,

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that's not helpful either You have to find the few little things they did half right

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And you have to teach them what they did wrong It's really expensive

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And so what I did with this rubric was try to address

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that from the production side instead of the grading side

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But the best thing you can do is teach people to write

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Because there's no difference between that and thinking And one of the things

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that just blows me away about universities Is that no one ever tells students why they should write something It's like,

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well, you have to do this assignment Well, why are you writing?

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Well, you need the grade It's like, no You need to learn to think

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Because thinking makes you act Effectively in the world Thinking makes you win the battles you undertake

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And those could be battles for good things If you can think and speak and write You are absolutely deadly

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Nothing can get in your way So that's why you learn to write It's like

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I can't believe that people aren't just told that It's like

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it's the most powerful weapon you can possibly provide someone with

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and i mean i know lots of people who've been staggeringly successful

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and watched them throughout my life i mean those people you

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don't want to have an argument with them they'll just slash you into pieces

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and not in a malevolent way it's like

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if you're going to make your point

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and they're going to make their point you better have your points organized

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because otherwise you are going to look like

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and be an absolute idiot you are not going to get anywhere

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and if you can formulate your arguments coherently and make a presentation

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if you can speak to people

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if you can lay out a proposal god people give you

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money they give you opportunities you have influence that's what you're at university for

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and so that's what you do is you that's you're in you're in english right and yeah, in languages anyways, it's like,

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yeah, teach people to be articulate because that's the most dangerous thing you can possibly be so,

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and that's motivating if people know that it's like, well, why are you learning to write? because here's your sword, here's your M16, right? here's your bulletproof vest like,

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learn how to use them but Ah,

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it's just It's an endless mystery to me Why that isn't made self -evident

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So that's the sort of thing

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that can drive you mad Trying to sort out It's like

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people are There's a conspiracy to bring people into the education system To make them weaker So

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I guess that keeps the competition down maybe that's one way of thinking about it if your students are stupid,

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they're not going to challenge you okay, good, now, the next cool thing what happens when you see a tool?

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you're happy, what happens when you see an obstacle?

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you're unhappy, and now you understand emotions that doesn't take much, once you've got this initial framework, it's like, okay, what's an emotion for?

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Positive.

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Move forward.

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Negative.

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Get away.

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Indeterminate.

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Stop.

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That's anxiety.

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Stop.

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You're not where you think you are.

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Your map isn't producing the desired outcome.

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It's wrong.

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What should you do?

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You don't know.

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Stop.

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Because if you don't know where to go, There's no point going anywhere And then what?

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Prepare That's anxiety Stop, prepare Well, people hate that because Well, for obvious reasons Prepare, for what?

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Everything Yeah, very, very Demanding Psychophysiologically And that's also something that's really worth knowing It's like,

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anxiety isn't just a psychological state That's unpleasant It's like, you're revved up And you're burning resources like mad

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And you're in a biochemical state Such that That's optimized for quick action

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But that's toxic if you inhabit it For any length of time So not knowing what to do, that is not good, and it isn't just that it makes you feel bad,

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it hurts you, it damages you, it can kill you It'll make you age, it'll make you fat, it'll give you diabetes,

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it'll suppress your immune system so you're more likely to develop cancer It'll damage your brain,

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your hippocampus, it'll increase the probability that you have Alzheimer's It's like it's no joke that, it's you're running your machinery faster than you can replenish it

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So it's not a state

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that you can be in It's not a state you can tolerate

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Because it's anxiety It's anxious But it's also not a state you can live in

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And so I don't know where I am Means everything's relevant

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And I have to ramp up my capacity for action To deal with

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that Bad People do not like that We do not like not to be where we think we are We really,

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really, really don't like that And we structure almost all of our environments constantly, so that never happens, you know, we're all dressed the same with tiny,

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tiny variations, you know, we all follow the same traffic laws, everybody's behaving according to the proper code in this room, and everyone in this building is doing the same thing,

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it's like we're doing everything we can to make sure

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that everyone knows exactly where they are and what they're doing all the time, and that's because when we're in that state,

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we can advance cautiously using positive things and maintain a modicum of positive emotion.

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That's what we're basically trying to do.

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Okay, so you want to set up your world so that you're surrounded by things that move you along your way, that obstacles are minimized, and that almost everything can be ignored.

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Okay, so emotion.

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Positive emotion, that's dopaminergic.

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That's incentive reward.

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You experience it in relationship to a goal.

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Because, you know, most of the time when you talk to behavioral psychologists, They'll tell you reward is a satiation consequence You're hungry, you get a piece of food,

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that's rewarding It's like, that's consumatory reward And that shuts down the motivational system It's satiating,

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it makes you satisfied That's not the same as incentive reward Incentive reward says, come this way, come this way Good things are over here,

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good things are over here And that's dopaminergic And that's the kind of reward people really like We live for that

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so when you talk about positive meaning in your life this is an oversimplification, but a tremendous amount of that is incentive reward you're in a goal -directed structure,

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it's a value structure let's say it's fairly well -developed because you're sophisticated

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everything you do is linked to something else you move ahead, it works, yes you move ahead, it works, yes and it's that constant moving ahead

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and the validation of the frame that makes your life meaningful And so that also means no value system,

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no positive emotion Which is another thing that's so much worth knowing You know, the postmodernists complain about value systems constantly And they say,

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well, the problem with the value system is that it includes some people, winners And excludes other people,

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losers It's like, yes, that's true What's the answer?

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Flatten the value system So there's no losers Fine, no winners either and if the value system is flat there's no point B

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what the hell are you going to do? where's your positive emotion?

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you're going to wander around being happy that the value system is flat it's like, no you're not

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because when you flatten out value systems you don't get rid of suffering

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because you can't all you get rid of is the possibility of positive emotion

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and that is not a good solution so then you leave people with nothing but negative emotion it's so naive Ok,

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so good, so now we know, you're going from point A to point B, you're doing that with an action If things are working out, if you see facilitators along the way that you can utilize,

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you get a kick of positive emotion You know, and you can even see that calibrated, like let's say you do better than expected on a test Yes!

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It's like, that's better than doing as well as you expected

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because what the message is is

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that not only am I moving towards my desired goal

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but I'm moving along faster and with less effort than I thought it's like bang, positive reinforcement right, you think yes well that's it,

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that's meaning, that's a big chunk of meaning and so a really meaningful event is one that gets you to the next step

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and simultaneously increases the probability that you're going to get to all the steps after

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that that's like a maximally meaningful event so, you know, you get you're opening an envelope about whether or not you got into medical school it's like,

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you're going like this, right? why? why are you shaking? it's an envelope No, it's not.

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It's a portal, right?

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It's a portal And what's in that envelope either puts you that way, into one world, or that way, into another And you think, you're looking at it, you think, well, that's an envelope, it's like,

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your body isn't thinking that, not for a bloody second It knows perfectly well

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that that's a portal And you open it up, it's like.. collapse The whole.. what would you call it?

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That whole avatar -related future just goes.. ashes Or,

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bang, it springs into reality And you perceive that,

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and you perceive all of that almost instantaneously And that produces that radical transformation in emotion You're not reacting to the envelope,

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or maybe the envelope isn't what you think it is Or maybe the envelope isn't what you see And that's more accurate,

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that's way more accurate the envelope is way more than what you see this is one of the great stories of mankind,

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and this isn't the only variant of this story there's many variants of it,

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but this variant is useful for our purposes that's a story I stumbled across a long time ago

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I'm going to tell you the second story first, because I don't have the energy to tell you the first story

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So this is a story that the ancient Egyptians predicated their society on And to understand this story,

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the first thing you have to know is what the characters were And these characters were gods There's four of them

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Although the Egyptians had far more than four gods You might think of these as the central gods And you might think, what is a central god?

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And then you might think, well, imagine that the gods compete for dominance across time In people's imaginations

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And some gods win And they occupy the primary position of dominance in the hierarchy, in the dominance hierarchy of gods And those are ideals,

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and ideals compete across time for dominance, and they're embodied And so when diverse tribal people come together,

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they throw all their gods into the ring And they fight across time, and something emerges as a victor And that's the emergence of monotheism out of polytheism

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And it parallels the development of a unified morality within each of us as we develop across time.

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And the god that emerges as dominant across time bears a substantial resemblance.

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Imagine you have a set of gods in this locale that are competing across time, and something emerges as dominant.

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And then over here you have another set of gods

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that compete across time for dominance

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and something emerges You'll see major commonalities across the two things

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that emerge And the reason for that is because the process of emergence

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that gives rise to both of them is similar in both situations

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And that's part of what accounts for the cross -cultural similarity of high -order religious ideas Alright,

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anyways, you need to know the characters Osiris

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Osiris is the old king he's Dumbledore for all intents and purposes he's the old king

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he's the spirit that established the Egyptian state

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when he was young he was a great hero

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but now he's old and he's archaic and he's willfully blind that's Osiris he has a brother Seth

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Seth is Seth and Seth is Satan because the word Satan comes from the word Seth

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so he's a precursor to the Western idea of Satan you have Isis, Isis is the queen of the underworld

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and Isis was the goddess of a religious structure that prevailed across thousands and thousands of years Isis,

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and you have Horus, Horus is a falcon and the Egyptian eye, everyone knows that eye, right? the eye is a falcon,

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and the Egyptian eye That's Horus.

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And Horus is a falcon, because falcons can see way better.

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They can see better than us, they can see better than anything else, except for, perhaps, eagles.

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And they fly above everything.

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Zazu in Lion King is Horus, right?

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And Mufasa is Osiris.

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And Scar is Seth.

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And there's no specific representation of Isis, but the closest there is in that story is probably the queen of the hyenas that's played by...

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Who's the actress?

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Hmm?

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Yes, Whoopi Goldborg, that's right, that's right, because they inhabit...

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She's like the queen of the underworld, right?

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She's the queen of the hyenas that live out among the death, but...

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Okay, anyways, Seth...

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Osiris, Seth, Isis, and Horus.

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Here's how the story goes.

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Osiris is a great king.

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He established the Egyptian state.

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You could think about him as the embodiment of Egyptian custom and tradition.

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You could think about him as the thing that the pyramid represents, all right?

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But he was great when he was young, but he's not young anymore.

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He's old, and he's willfully blind, and what that means is that he doesn't see what he could see.

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He refuses to see what he could see Why is Osiris old and willfully blind?

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Because that's what culture is

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It's a paternal spirit that's old and willfully blind And it's always

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that way Always that way And the reason for that is

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because it's a construction of the dead The dead aren't alive

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So they're out of date They can't update themselves anymore

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And you inhabit their corpse And that's actually what happens in an earlier story that I'll tell you next week

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the early Mesopotamian gods inhabited the corpse of their father, roughly speaking anyway, so Osiris was great when he was young,

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but he isn't young anymore he's old, and he's willfully blind, he won't look where he knows he should look he doesn't have the energy,

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or maybe he doesn't have the spirit his brother Seth is not a good guy and Osiris knows it,

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but he underestimates his malevolence and power and so Seth wants to rule the kingdom so what does that mean?

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It's easy.

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Every stable society is threatened by willful blindness and malevolence,

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always Every bureaucracy has that proclivity to stagnate

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and to become blind That's why corporations die all the time

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That's why a Fortune 500 company only lasts 30 years It's

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why we have to have elections It's to stop the dead from staying in control for too long

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Osiris turns a blind eye to Seth Seth is happy about it.

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The same thing happens in the Lion King, roughly speaking Seth one day waits for Osiris to make a mistake and to be weak, and he attacks him, and he chops him up into pieces

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And he distributes the pieces across the entire Egyptian state In fact,

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the Egyptians regarded their provinces as pieces of Osiris' body Okay, so, now you can't kill Osiris, because he's a god And why is he a god?

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Because he represents the spirit of structure And there's always structure.

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It can't be destroyed.

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It always reconstitutes itself.

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It can be hurt and broken into pieces, which is exactly what happens to Osiris.

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Things fall apart.

371

Why?

372

Because they get old, and because malevolence undermines them.

373

That's what the Egyptians were trying to sort out.

374

Okay, so, Seth distributes his Osiris all over Egypt, so he can't get himself back together.

375

Right?

376

Things fall apart, and they can't be brought back together.

377

But the spirit of Osiris still lives in the pieces So what happens?

378

Order is demolished What would you expect?

379

Chaos emerges That's Isis

380

Isis is queen of the underworld She's Osiris' wife Order and chaos Just like the yin and the yang

381

Order collapses Up comes the queen of the underworld She's looking

382

for order Chaos cries out for order She's looking for order

383

She goes all around Egypt Trying to put Osiris back together

384

It's a state of chaos She finds this phallus She makes herself pregnant with it And what does that mean?

385

Well, it means it's like

386

Geppetto in the belly of the whale

387

That thing has the potential to reemerge The thing

388

that collapses into its pieces Is still alive It can unite with the chaos

389

And produce something new That's the story of the dissolution of structure Into chaos and then its revivification Isis makes herself pregnant,

390

she goes back down to the underworld, she gives birth to Horus Horus is the Egyptian eye,

391

he's the son of the great father and the great mother He's a messianic figure,

392

and in fact, much of the mythology that described Horus Was extracted without much modification, and then attributed to Christ Very much,

393

and you can read about the parallels, you can read about it online if you want There's any number of parallels, and of course there is the mythology that the Jews came out of Egypt

394

And of course the Christians emerged from the Jews And

395

so there was a tremendous influence of Egyptian thinking on the development of these later ideas

396

And you see pictures of Isis with Horus on her lap

397

That are virtually identical in content

398

and form to the later pictures of Mary with the infant Christ

399

And that's the holy mother of God in the hero It's

400

not a Christian motif It's far deeper than a Christian motif It's a human motif So Isis,

401

queen of the underworld, gives birth to Horus And Horus grows up outside the kingdom Why?

402

In the underworld Because that's what human beings do You're alienated from your culture Always.

403

Why?

404

It's old and dead and corrupt.

405

And so that leaves you growing up in chaos, what would you call, alienated from your fundamental culture.

406

That's the story of adolescence.

407

Horus grows up.

408

He can see.

409

That's what differentiates him from Osiris.

410

That's why he's a falcon.

411

He goes and has a fight with Seth, and now the difference between Osiris and Horus is that Horus does not underestimate Seth.

412

He knows exactly what he's up against, and he goes and has a terrible battle with him,

413

trying to get his kingdom back Something else that's echoed in the Lion King story And while Horus and Seth are fighting,

414

Seth tears out one of his eyes Now, why?

415

Because Seth is the embodiment of destruction and malevolence And no matter how conscious you are, if you encounter that, even voluntarily,

416

the probability that it's going to damage your consciousness is extraordinarily high That's why people don't do it

417

So the eye is torn out But Seth is defeated

418

And Horus banishes him to the nether regions of the kingdom You can't kill him Why?

419

Because the malevolent, destructive force

420

that threatens states never dies It's always there You can only remove it temporarily Now Horus is king Pharaoh,

421

king, god He's got his eye And so you think, well, he's going to just pop that back in his head, and then he's going to be able to lead...

422

He's going to be able to take his place at the uppermost pantheon of gods properly

423

But that isn't what he does He takes his eye, and he goes back to the underworld Just like Pinocchio,

424

going into the depths to rescue Geppetto And down there is the spirit of Osiris,

425

who's extant as a kind of half -dead ghost And he gives Osiris his eye Now Osiris can see

426

So what does that mean?

427

You go down into the chaotic,

428

when threatened by malevolence Even to the point of damage to your consciousness You go down into the chaos,

429

and you find the dead spirit of your tradition And you give it vision And so,

430

provided with vision, Osiris regenerates And then Osiris and Horus go back up to the world

431

Linked together and rule jointly And the Egyptians believed that the pharaoh,

432

who had an immortal spirit Was the embodiment of the conjunction of Horus

433

and Osiris And that's what gave him sovereignty And

434

so you think about how brilliant that is The Egyptians are trying to puzzle out who should lead Who should be Pharaoh, and what do you have to be If you're going to be Pharaoh, in order for things to work

435

You have to be awake to malevolence and chaos

436

And you have to embody your tradition And that puts you at the highest pinnacle of the dominant structure

437

And that's the same as, it's the same thing It's the same thing as the battle between the gods across centuries,

438

or eons, and the emergence of the highest possible moral virtue as a consequence of that competition

439

It's the eye on the top of the pyramid, right?

440

It's, you know, in the Washington Monument, there's a cap on the Washington Monument The top of the Washington Monument is a pyramid, at the top of the pyramid is a cap,

441

it's made out of aluminum And the reason it's made out of aluminum is because when they made the Washington Monument, it was the most valuable metal known.

442

And so what does it mean?

443

It means there's a pyramid, and there's something at the top of it.

444

But the thing that's at the top of the pyramid isn't the same as the rest of the pyramid.

445

That's the thing.

446

The pyramid exists.

447

There's a dominance hierarchy.

448

Something climbs up to the top.

449

But it's not just at the top of one pyramid.

450

It's at the top of all of them.

451

The thing that rises to the top of any given pyramid is the same thing that can dominate all pyramids

452

It isn't good enough to be the best at a dominance hierarchy

453

What you want to be is the best at the set of all possible dominance hierarchies Right, and that's the thing that's gold at the top of the pyramid

454

And that's the eye That's what the Egyptians figured out And what does that mean?

455

It means the thing that puts you at the top is attention Pay attention.

456

Keep your eyes open.

457

It's not the same as thinking.

458

It's not the same thing.

459

It's like watching.

460

And the thing about human beings is we can see.

461

We can see better than any other creature except birds of prey.

462

And so our capacity to see is, in fact, what we use in the world.

463

Our brains are actually organized around vision, unlike most animals.

464

Their brains are organized around smell, not us.

465

we can see, we stand upright so we can see a long distance, and in our ability to see is what saves us,

466

and what saves our communities and that's what these stories are trying to portray and you might say,

467

well, why didn't people just say so? and the answer to that is because they didn't know

468

it took a long time to figure it out, forever, it's taken forever to figure it out

469

it's part of what I hoped when I wrote this book

470

and part of the reason that I'm teaching it is

471

because it seems to me

472

that it would be useful for everyone to actually understand this instead of just having it told as a story it's like,

473

that's great, man yes, you need the story but why not also just understand it? so

474

well, so that's what we're trying to do we're trying to understand this

475

so I had this client and she had a dream

476

she was having a really rough time

477

and she was a pretty good dreamer she had this dream

478

that she was walking down a road by there was an ocean on one side

479

and there was sort of sand dunes on the other side and she looked up and there was this guy

480

with a huge python

481

that had been out there showing it to everyone

482

and she took a look

483

and he invited her to come take a look at the snake but she refused and walked on.

484

And so she told me that dream.

485

She was also quite imaginative, so I said, look, let's try something.

486

First of all, tell me about the snake handler.

487

And she said, well, he's kind of a charlatan, he's a show -off, he's a fake, and I'm afraid that if I went up to the crowd where the snake was,

488

that they would force me to touch it.

489

And so I thought, okay, so that's why you walked by.

490

I said, okay, so let's play a game.

491

So you sit there and bring bring that dream image to mind, close your eyes, bring the dream image to mind, but let's play with it a little bit.

492

It's like Jung's technique of active imagination.

493

Let's play with it a little bit.

494

So go up there, imagine that you go up there, and you kind of have to do this like you're daydreaming.

495

You can't force it.

496

You have to play with it like you would when you're daydreaming, which is you're kind of half doing it voluntarily, and it's half manifesting itself.

497

It's kind of a gateway between you and the collective unconscious that's another way of thinking about it and anyways, I said, okay, so go up there

498

and the first thing we're going to do is figure out what are you going to do

499

if the crowd tells you that you have to touch the snake or get close to it

500

because she needed a defense

501

because it isn't up to other people to force her to do that so we practiced what she might say it's like, no, I'm comfortable here I'm just going to stand in the background just going to look at it

502

and get accustomed to it I don't need you to push me forward

503

so she felt pretty good about that So

504

that kind of armed her with a defense

505

so then she could pretend to go up

506

and take a look at the snake

507

And I said well the first thing you should do is take a look at the snake handler

508

and see if he's who you think he is And so she did that in her imagination.

509

She said no, he doesn't seem to be a little charlatan at all He's got this snake

510

that is his you know something he takes care of and he just has come out here to show

511

The people let people look at this snake and

512

so she said I asked so I said was he is he someone that you could trust or someone you shouldn't trust.

513

You have to ask both those questions, because otherwise you're leading the witness, right?

514

You don't want to tell people what to think.

515

You have to let them figure it out for themselves.

516

So, and she said, no, I think he's somebody that could be trusted.

517

And I said, okay, well, so what do you think that you could go up there and, you know, maybe lay your hands on the snake and touch the snake?

518

And she said she wasn't sure about it, but we went through it, and she was able to do it.

519

And so, it's the same.

520

So she had to make contact, she had to voluntarily make contact with this terrible snake that's at the bottom of being,

521

that's at the bottom of the tree of existence Right, that's where the snake is, it's wrapped around the tree Well, why?

522

Well, partly because we lived in trees, and that's where the damn snakes were, down there on the ground, where we didn't know Right, and that's the divine tree of being,

523

that And so, well, you have to get the hell out of the tree and go confront the snakes, and then that's the way out,

524

at least in principle So, you know, it was Carl Jung who popularized and differentiated the idea of archetypes They weren't his idea.

525

Platonic forms are archetypes, essentially Ideals are an archetype,

526

and so, but Jung, the thing that I think he did that hadn't been done before was to suggest that,

527

as well as suggesting, as Freud did,

528

that human beings are composed of sub -personalities Jung pointed out, as Freud did to some degree,

529

that some of those personalities have a universal character and so that they can be thought about as transcendent entities

530

And you could think about those...

531

while they have been thought about and even put forward as gods of one form or another now, when Jung talked about archetypes,

532

it was never clear what he meant and I think the reason for

533

that was because the archetype is a very complicated idea and a very complicated phenomena and you can think about it biologically, and you can think about it socially

534

and you can think about it as something

535

that the individual participates in creating so it's not that easy to localize it And as well,

536

it's not that easy to localize it, and as well,

537

Jung was never clear about what the universe of archetypes looked like At some times he spoke as

538

if they were a relatively small number, and then at other times he spoke as if they were innumerable And I think the reason for that is, in part, it depends on the level of analysis, right?

539

The more transcendent the archetype, the fewer they are, but they differentiate Because you might say, well, how many hero archetypes are there?

540

And one answer could be one

541

But they differentiate all the way out into the diverse range of works of fiction

542

that we have So you could say there's as many variants of the hero archetype, roughly speaking, as there are works of fiction

543

So you think about it as a hierarchy with the ultimate archetype at the top So then another question might be, what does the landscape of ultimate archetypes look like?

544

And I think that's what I tried to lay out, and that's what I'm trying to lay out in this diagram So, now, why do you want to know that?

545

There's a number of practical reasons, as well as intellectual reasons One of the most relevant practical reasons, as far as I'm concerned,

546

is that But integrating narratives, and so those would include political narratives,

547

integrating narratives have their force because they draw on universal archetypes Otherwise they wouldn't have any power, right, because they're basically stories,

548

an integrating archetype, like the story that Hitler sold the Germans Or that the Germans and Hitler co -created, which is a much more accurate way of thinking about it,

549

that had motive force because it had an archetypal essence And so,

550

political stories derive their power from the underlying archetypal representations Obviously, because they have to be concerned with the things that people find important, right?

551

How can you sell a political message to someone if it isn't about something they find important?

552

And if it's important to them, it's going to be grounded, at least to some degree, in their biological substructure I mean, if you're talking to hungry people about food,

553

it's a story that you can tell, right?

554

Because it hooks them deeply, it hooks deep into their motivational systems To use a narrative of Utopia, which is the land of milk and honey,

555

roughly speaking, a very, very old idea You're also tapping deeply into intrinsic human longings

556

And so the idea that political narratives incorporate archetypal themes is not really,

557

it's not an idea that I would consider particularly controversial putting it that way might be okay, so the problem

558

with political narratives in my estimation is that they can

559

rapidly transform themselves into ideologies and ideologies are dangerous for a variety of reasons

560

but the primary reason for their danger I think

561

this is a hypothesis is because of their one -sided nature what happens is that they capitalize,

562

parasitize I think is even a better way of thinking about it a profound underlying narrative, but they don't tell the entire story and so then

563

if you're looking for orientation in the world because you're fragmented and chaotic and somebody provides you with a partial story, that's going to serve an integrating function

564

and one of the things you see in psychotherapy is that

565

if you're chaotic and confused and you go see a therapist who has a particular kind of practice, Freudian, behavioral, cognitive, Rogerian, whatever

566

There's a high probability that undergoing

567

that course of therapy is going to be good for you

568

And that you might even come to view your life in the terms of that therapeutic practice You might say,

569

well, why is that therapeutic practice right for you?

570

Maybe it could have been Rogerian instead of Freudian, say And the answer to that is, yeah, well, it probably could have been because,

571

roughly speaking, any coherent ordering principle is better than none

572

and so that's also a good way to think about human development from an intellectual perspective is

573

that partly what has to be provided to individuals as they mature into adults is some kind of ordering structure

574

and this is one of the facts

575

that people who criticize the dogmatic element of religious belief don't really understand they don't understand

576

that you have to provide people with a determinate structure of some type even if it's constricting and restricting and crushing,

577

for that matter you have to pass through a disciplinary structure before, even in principle, you could be free before you're disciplined,

578

you're not free, you're just chaotic And so you have to practice some set of routines and rituals.

579

Now, you could say, well, they don't necessarily have to be religious.

580

And they could be secular, you could become a lawyer, you could become a plumber, you could become a carpenter.

581

And I would say, yes, that's far better than not becoming anything.

582

But the problem with an identity that isn't rooted into the archetypes is it leaves you incomplete.

583

Because the archetypal rooting of the identity is what helps you grapple with the fundamental existential problems of life

584

And whether you're a carpenter, or a plumber, or a lawyer, your soul is still going to hunger for some deeper form of identity

585

And you're not going to get

586

that without having your practical identity encapsulated in something that's greater from a philosophical perspective

587

And perhaps even deeper than philosophy

588

Which I think the archetypal stories are They're the structure within

589

which philosophy itself is embedded And outside of that is a behavioral structure We've talked about how those evolve

590

There's a behavioral evolution of something approximating a consensual morality And then stories about that consensual morality emerge And then inside that,

591

the structures of philosophy nest

592

And all of those things have to be addressed by your identity to some degree Or you're weak That's the problem, you're beset by doubts, you're beset by anxiety,

593

you're easy to stop, and you don't have much motivation And none of that's good, it's not good at all,

594

because life presents you with enough real obstacles in the face of genuine suffering

595

So that unless you're strongly grounded and have a real reason for moving forward, you're going to get stopped And as soon as you're stopped, you are one miserable thing

596

Because it's almost like the definition of human misery is to be paralyzed by anxiety

597

and emotional pain And also have no motive force forward It's a terrible state

598

And so you don't want to be in that state

599

And you have to have an identity that's powerful enough

600

and deeply rooted enough So the most profound doubts

601

that might emerge about your life are met by something of equivalent force

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

В этом видео 601 предложений и 8749 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 52:09. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 168 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. 84% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 менее частых слов из видео с произношением и значением:

snake /sneɪk/ (существительное) — змея́. Any of the suborder Serpentes of legless reptiles with long, thin bodies and fork-shaped tongues.
emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/ (существительное) — эмо́ция, чу́вство. A person's internal state of being and involuntary physiological response to an object or a situation, based on or tied to physical state and sensory data.
chaos /ˈkeɪˌɑs/ (существительное) — ха́ос, хао́с. The unordered state of matter in classical accounts of cosmogony.
pyramid /ˈpɪɹ.ə.mɪd/ (существительное) — пирами́да. An ancient massive construction with a square or rectangular base and four triangular sides meeting in an apex, such as those built as tombs in Egypt or as…
dominance /ˈdɑmɪnəns/ (существительное) — госпо́дство, преоблада́ние. The state of being dominant; of prime importance; supremacy.
reward /ɹɪˈwɔɹd/ (существительное) — награ́да, вознагражде́ние. Something of value given in return for an act.
emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/ (глагол) — появля́ться, появи́ться. To come into view.
incentive /ɪnˈsɛntɪv/ (существительное) — сти́мул, моти́в. Something that motivates, rouses, or encourages.
envelope /ˈɛnvə(ˌ)loʊp/ (существительное) — конве́рт. A paper or cardboard wrapper used to enclose small, flat items, especially letters, for mailing.
narrative /ˈnæɹ.ə.tɪv/ (существительное) — повествова́ние, расска́з. The systematic recitation of an event or series of events.
roughly /ˈɹʌf.li/ (наречие) — гру́бо. In a rough manner; without kindness, softness, or gentleness.
hierarchy /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/ (существительное) — иера́рхия. A body of authoritative officials organized in nested ranks.
anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ (существительное) — беспоко́йство, трево́га. An unpleasant state of mental uneasiness, nervousness, apprehension and obsession or concern about some uncertain event.
ignore /ɪɡˈnɔː/ (глагол) — игнори́ровать, проигнори́ровать. To deliberately not listen or pay attention to.
encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntɚ/ (глагол) — встре́тить, столкну́ться. To meet (someone) or find (something), especially unexpectedly.

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

think about /ˈθɪŋk əˌbaʊt/ (глагол) — обду́мывать, обду́мать. To ponder.
go up (глагол) — поднима́ться, подня́ться. To move upwards.
deal with (глагол) — справляться с. To handle verbally or in some form of artistic expression; to address or discuss as a subject.
fall apart (глагол) — распада́ться, распа́сться. To disintegrate, to break into pieces.
figure out (глагол) — разбира́ться, разобра́ться. To come to understand; to discover or find a solution; to deduce.
get in (глагол) — входить, войти. To get into or inside something, literally or figuratively.
grow up (глагол) — расти́, выраста́ть. To mature and become an adult.
look for (глагол) — иска́ть, поиска́ть. To seek.

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 227 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например you're, don't, they're. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «th»: threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, therapeutic /ˌθɛɹ.əˈpjuː.tɪk/, mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/, socially /ˈsoʊʃəli/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: hierarchy /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, probability /ˌpɹɑ.bəˈbɪl.ə.ti/, behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как snake, emotion, chaos.

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	being harshly evaluated · are associated · can be ignored
Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете	person who delivers · say, which is · way Which can
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	has already taken · have encountered · we've discussed

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

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