ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Innocent on Death Row, Here's What You Actually Get When You're Released
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124 ประโยค
หากประโยคสั้นหรือยาวเกินไป กดที่ Edit เพื่อปรับแก้
1
You enter your Death Row cell at the young age of 25.
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The door slams behind you, and for the next few months you hope in vain that somebody will realize what a terrible injustice has happened.
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Perhaps a new witness will come forward, you think, or video evidence will conclusively prove that you are an innocent man.
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But that doesn’t happen, and slowly but surely over the years you start to lose your mind locked down in that cell most of the day.
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Your friends, your family, well, you think they believe you, but you know that some have their doubts.
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Since you were accused of killing a child, the prison code means you’ve got a “kill on site” label attached to you.
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One day that almost happens, and you have to spend a few weeks in the infirmary.
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Finally, after 19 years, and with the help of some compassionate lawyers, you win an appeal.
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It turned out the cops were corrupt and you were badly represented in your initial trial.
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19 years, the madness, the beating, the loss of a real life; surely you deserve to be compensated…Well, that’s another battle you’ll have to fight, just like our subjects in this video.
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Anthony Ray Hinton On February 25, 1985, a fast food manager was shot and killed in the state of Alabama.
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On July 2 of that year, another fast food manager was shot and killed in a similar armed robbery not far away.
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In yet another armed robbery a person was shot but survived the ordeal.
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Police thought all the robberies had been committed by the same person, and so they asked the survivor to take a look at some mugshots.
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That person picked out Anthony Ray Hinton, a 29-year old man that worked at a supermarket warehouse and who lived with his mother.
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The cop’s dragged him in for questioning, and like any American citizen he was given free legal counsel if he couldn’t provide his own.
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Except that lawyer was hardly a suitable defense for the young man, once telling him, “All of y'all blacks always say you didn’t do something.” Police found a revolver at Hinton’s mother’s house, a gun they believed could have been used in the three crimes.
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Hinton managed to hire a ballistics expert with the little money he could raise, but the problem was that the expert was hardly trained at all.
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He failed miserably defending Hilton in court.
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Had he been a real expert, Hinton would very likely not have done any time.
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The gun was all the prosecutor needed.
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There were no fingerprints and no eyewitnesses.
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Hinton was sentenced to death.
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In 1988, he appealed but the conviction was affirmed.
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A year later at the Supreme Court of Alabama his conviction was affirmed again.
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The years passed, with Hinton spending most of his time in his cell.
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Death Row is solitary confinement for most the day, with just an hour a day that prisoners can spend outside their cells.
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To pass the time he read, and he read voraciously.
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Something he didn’t know back then was that this would have a huge impact on his life.
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Reading and the book club he created helped somewhat, as did regular visits from his mother and his best friend.
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Unfortunately, his mother died in 2002 while Hinton was still behind bars.
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He hoped that an organization called the Equal Justice Initiative might help him gain his freedom.
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This non-profit worked on his case for many, many years, but no matter how many forensics experts came forward to say that gun and the bullets didn’t match, the state of Alabama refused to overturn the conviction or at least allow him to go to trial again.
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Finally, in 2014, when Hinton was now a middle-aged man, the Supreme Court of the United States said that Hinton’s original counsel had been “constitutionally deficient.” It turned out that the ballistics expert his lawyer had hired wasn’t even a ballistics expert.
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He didn’t even have both of his eyes!
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In the new trial the prosecution admitted that the bullets that had been fired had not come from Hinton's mother's gun.
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The Jefferson County Circuit judge overturned his conviction and the state dropped all charges.
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Hinton’s lawyer said, “Race, poverty, inadequate legal assistance, and prosecutorial indifference to innocence conspired to create a textbook example of injustice.” Hinton said, “Everybody that played a part in sending me to death row, you will answer to God.” 28 years…what do you get for 28 years of wrongful imprisonment?
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What do you receive for being woefully represented?
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Well, the state said that he did not prove his innocence, and added he didn’t deserve any compensation.
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To this day, he has received nothing.
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To make matters worse, the state of Alabama recently passed legislation making it harder to get adequate counsel.
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It’s called the “Fair Justice Act”, but don’t let that fool you; according to the Equal Justice Initiative it’s more like Orwellian doublespeak.
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In fact, Hinton has said if it was enacted while he was incarcerated, he would have been executed.
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If there can be any good news, it is that Hinton has written a highly praised memoir called, “The Sun Does Shine: How I Found Life and Freedom on Death Row.” He was also awarded a Doctor of Humane Letters degree.
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According to the Innocence Project, 17 states refuse to compensate the innocent.
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Why…well, we have no idea.
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Alabama isn’t one of them by the way, but the state still refused to compensate Mr.
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Hinton. Now for our next case, something equally as surprising.
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Kennedy Brewer The date was May 3, 1992, and in the early hours of the morning a three-year-old girl was abducted from her home.
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What happened to her was brutal, and we won’t go into details.
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She did not survive.
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The girl, Christine Jackson, was the daughter of Gloria Jackson.
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Gloria was the partner of then 21-year-old Kennedy Brewer.
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He’d been babysitting the child that night, along with two other kids that were biological children he’d had with Gloria.
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Since there was no forced entry to the house, police believed that Brewer was a suspect.
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This was despite the fact that one of the widows to the house was broken.
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It wasn’t until three years after Brewer's initial arrest that the case went to the court.
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There it was revealed that bodily fluids taken from the victim’s body could not sufficiently be DNA tested, but it was also revealed that there were bite marks on the body.
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Where did they come from?
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Well, the defense argued that since the body was found in a creek, they were very likely the bites of some kind of insects.
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The prosecution disagreed, with a forensic odontologist stating that the marks had definitely come from Brewer.
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It should be said that at the time of the trial that the bite mark expert was suspended from the American Board of Forensic Odontology.
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It should also be said that bite mark testimony is very controversial and has been proved to be unreliable in a slew of cases.
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On March 24, 1995, Brewer was sentenced to death.
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He always maintained his innocence, but the years passed and not much happened.
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Then in 2001, up-to-date DNA testing showed that the semen taken from the victim’s body did not belong to Brewer.
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So, you’d think that was enough for a quick retrial, but as you likely know, the cogs of the American justice system grind at a very slow rate.
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It wasn’t until 2007 that Brewer was released from prison, but we should say that he was only on bail.
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The prosecution wanted to retry Brewer.
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And then what happened, you might wonder.
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The answer is the DNA was tested again and it matched an original suspect in the initial investigation named Justin Albert Johnson.
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Johnson soon admitted to Christine Jackson’s murder, but get this, he also admitted to a very similar murder that had happened in the nearby area.
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In that case, again there were bite marks on the victim, and yet again the same forensic odontologist stood up in court and said they matched a man, this time a guy named Levon Brooks.
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Even worse, Johnson was the only man out of those three who had a history of violence matching the crimes.
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In 2008, both Brewer and Brooks were released.
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The former has spent 18 years in prison and the latter 15 years.
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Brooks died in 2018.
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In this case, the state of Mississippi paid Brewer $500,000 in compensation, but the sum was paid at $50,000 a year.
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The money ran out, so Brewer tried getting factory jobs and he also earned money by mowing lawns and working on a fish farm.
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Brewer said, “It's very hard to find meaningful employment after being locked up for something you didn't do.” In 2020, Brewer had a stroke not long after his mother died.
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A fundraising page was set up to help him pay for the medical bills.
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Ok, now for something a bit different.
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Richard Phillips This man spent 45 years behind bars and he was innocent all the time.
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We are cheating a bit here because he wasn’t handed the death sentence, but was given life without the possibility of parole.
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The reason we want to tell you his story is because 45 years is the record in the U.S.
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for the most time spent in prison as an innocent man.
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In 1972, the 26-year-old Phillips was handed his sentence for a murder in Detroit, a crime he said he didn’t commit.
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For many years he tried to get his sentence overturned, but on every occasion he failed.
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Then, in 2010, his co-defendant in the case, one Richard Palumbo, told a parole board that Philips had not committed the crime.
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He said another man had done it, a man named Fred Mitchell.
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Palumbo had said nothing at the time out of fear, but as the years passed in prison he was consumed by guilt.
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As his health got worse, he feared what he might meet on the other side having allowed an innocent man to spend so long in prison.
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We should also say that Fred Mitchell scared Palumbo and said that if he speaks up, his family would die.
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But when Palumbo heard that Mitchell was dead, he had nothing to fear.
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The case went back to court, and there Palumbo told the truth, but all the prosecution could offer Phillips was this: Say you did it, and you will get out because of the time you’ve served.
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Philips’ response was, “I’d rather die in prison than admit to something I didn’t do.” Aged 71, in 2018, Philips got out an innocent man, but a man that knew no one on the outside and didn’t really know how things worked in modern life.
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He said he was overjoyed, but also very scared when entering this new world; a world with computer technology, with strange cars and weird-looking gadgets.
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He looks well now and is getting used to his new life.
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For his 46 years of wrongful imprisonment he was compensated $1.5 million.
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Withholding evidence How much does a person get paid if the authorities have deliberately withheld evidence and they are found out?
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Let’s look at a case that involved a man named Nathson Fields.
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In 1984, this man was accused of killing two people in what was said to be a gang-related crime.
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Fields was innocent, and the police knew that, because it was later discovered that detectives had hidden evidence in a locker that proved Fields didn’t do it.
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A judge was also involved in the corruption and had taken a bribe.
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That’s how Fields got a retrial and how the new evidence came to light.
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He spent 18 years in prison, with 11 of them being on Death Row.
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In 2016, a judge ruled that police had hidden evidence and had also falsified incriminating evidence.
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Fields was awarded $22 million.
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The tragedy is, in the last reports we can find about Fields, he said he had not yet received a dime of the money.
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The 65-year-old man said he now devotes his life to helping death row survivors.
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The next man is John Thompson.
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In 1985 in New Orleans, Thompson was sentenced to 49 years in prison for an armed robbery, and also given the death sentence for a murder at a hotel.
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He was innocent of both crimes.
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What is criminally frightening about his case is the fact that just 30 days before he was going to be executed, evidence that had been hidden for 15 years by the Orleans Parish District Attorney’s Office, was discovered by a private investigator.
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That evidence proved without a doubt that Thompson was innocent of the robbery, but the robbery was connected to the murder conviction, so a judge ruled that Thompson should be exonerated.
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He was forty years old.
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He sued for the crime that had been committed against him, and although he was awarded $14 million, a Supreme Court later overturned that decision.
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This happened even though it was discovered that the District Attorney at the time of Thompson’s conviction had suppressed exculpatory evidence in nine out of 36 death penalty convictions.
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No one has ever been held accountable.
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Thompson later created a non-profit called “Resurrection After Exoneration”, an organization to help reconnect exonerees to their communities.
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He died in 2017, aged 55.
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A few years before his death he wrote: “I don’t care about the money.
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I just want to know why the prosecutors who hid evidence, sent me to prison for something I didn’t do and nearly had me killed are not in jail themselves.” Now you need to watch this, “How To Survive Inside Prison?” Or, have a look at this…
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
วิดีโอนี้มี 124 ประโยค และ 2276 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 11:16 ผู้พูดพูดเร็ว ประมาณ 202 คำต่อนาที จึงมีการเชื่อมเสียงและลดเสียงค่อนข้างมาก 82% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| innocent คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˈɪnəsənt/ | บริสุทธิ์ |
| bite คำกริยา | /baɪt/ | กัด |
| refuse คำกริยา | /ɹɪˈfjuːz/ | ปฏิเสธ |
| reveal คำกริยา | /ɹɪˈviːl/ | เปิดเผย |
| hire คำกริยา | /ˈhaɪɹ/ | จ้าง |
| bullet คำนาม | /ˈbʊlɪt/ | กระสุน |
| execute คำกริยา | /ˈɛksɪˌkjuːt/ | ประหาร |
| prosecutor คำนาม | /ˈpɹɑ.səˌkjuːˌtəɹ/ | อัยการ |
| imprisonment คำนาม | /ɪmˈpɹɪzn̩.mənt/ | จำคุก |
| injustice คำนาม | /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/ | ความไม่เป็นธรรม, ความอยุติธรรม |
| defend คำกริยา | /dɪˈfɪnd/ | ป้องกัน |
| argue คำกริยา | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | เถียง, ถก |
| poverty คำนาม | /ˈpɑːvɚti/ | ความจน, ความยากจน |
| label คำนาม | /ˈleɪ.bəl/ | ฉลาก |
| citizen คำนาม | /ˈsɪtɪzən/ | พลเมือง |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 28 ครั้ง เช่น didn't, wasn't, don't ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: conviction /kənˈvɪkʃən/, prosecution /ˌpɹɑ.sɪˈkju.ʃən/, compensation /ˌkɑm.pənˈseɪ.ʃən/, occasion /əˈkeɪ̯ʒən/, corruption /kəˈɹʌpʃən/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: prosecution /ˌpɹɑ.sɪˈkju.ʃən/, compensation /ˌkɑm.pənˈseɪ.ʃən/, prosecutor /ˈpɹɑ.səˌkjuːˌtəɹ/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, controversial /ˌkɑn.tɹəˈvɝ.ʃəl/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง innocent, bite, refuse เป็นพิเศษ
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | were accused · be compensated · was shot |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | has happened · has received · has said |
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ