ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: How bite marks made one man a murder suspect | Part 1
กำลังสร้างบทเรียน...
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At 6.45 in the morning of November 3rd, 1984, a man walked into a police station on the north side of Milwaukee to report
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that he'd found what appeared to be a body lying in a lot near his home.
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That's where police discovered 63-year-old Ayaan Saichas wearing only a pair of white socks and a left shoe.
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Her blue shirt and bra were pulled up behind her head, which was bloody and swollen.
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She'd been beaten to death and possibly raped.
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Neighbors described the victim as a nice woman.
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She was known for collecting aluminum cans and playing bingo at a Ukrainian church on Friday nights.
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That's what she'd been doing the night she was killed.
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And she was let off after midnight by friends who normally dropped her off after the bingo games.
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They observed her walk in front of her home, and those are the last people who saw her alive.
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One of the real challenging things about this case was you had no eyewitnesses, you of course had no confession, you had no motive.
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This was before DNA profiling, before home security cameras were common, there were no fingerprints on the knife they found nearby.
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But the killer did leave one clue.
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He bit her.
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Investigators took 60 photographs of numerous bite marks.
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The bite marks are being analyzed by a forensic dental specialist.
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Dr. L.
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Thomas Johnson, a dentist and professor at Marquette University, examined the bite marks on the victim the day she was found.
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And he gave the cops a lead.
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He told the detectives, you are looking for a guy with an abnormality in one of his upper teeth.
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So, the cops began knocking on doors.
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Three days after the murder, the detectives knocked on the door of Robert Lee Stinson, a quiet 20-year-old whose only criminal record was a fine for shoplifting from when he was younger.
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He lived with his mother and siblings in a house right by the crime scene.
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Stinson told the police that on the night of the murder, he came home from a party around 11.30, went to bed, and slept until morning.
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But what caught the attention of the police was that Stinson had an upper right front tooth missing.
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That missing tooth made one of the detectives believe they got the guy.
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His partner later told the Milwaukee Sentinel that they went back inside and told Stinson some jokes to get him laughing, to confirm that there were those teeth.
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So the state had Stinson appear at a secret hearing before a judge called a John Doe investigation in Wisconsin, where they could have Johnson, the dentist, check his teeth.
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The John Doe is the first time that I met Mr. Stinson.
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But I'm looking at this kid who is very warm, very affable, very cooperative.
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Everything in my gut, my experience in six years in a DA's office of sensitive crimes, you end up like, no way.
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No way did this guy do this." He thought they would eliminate Stinson as a suspect.
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But that's not what happened.
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Johnson looked into Stinson's mouth for 20 seconds, the same amount of time it takes to read this.
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And then Johnson said Stinson's teeth matched a sketch that he and a police artist had made, a sketch of what the suspect's teeth would look like based on the bite marks.
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Nobody brought the drawing to the hearing, but Johnson said, It resembles what I see here.
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Stinson's mouth, he said, certainly is consistent with what I drew.
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It is remarkable.
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And that was enough for the court to order a full dental examination.
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But if they'd had the sketch in the room, they would have seen that it said the suspect would be missing a lateral incisor.
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Stinson was missing a central incisor, his right front tooth.
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But now the dentist was on the record saying that they matched.
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The field of bite mark analysis is one of the so-called pattern matching disciplines in forensic science.
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Fingerprints are the best known example, but the group also includes shoe prints, tire treads, handwriting, and bullet casings.
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We call them forensic sciences, but they developed independently of what we typically think of as the science world.
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the universities and research hospitals, peer-reviewed journals, grant-funding organizations.
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Those institutions of basic research have fed some forensic fields, but many others lack that foundation.
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You go up the street to the University of Wisconsin
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and you look for the Department of Fingerprints or the Department of Shoe Impressions.
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It's not there.
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That's because these fields developed mostly in response to crime scenes and the obligation to study whatever bits of information they contained.
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The examiners look at samples closely and make a subjective assessment of how similar they are.
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You know, it's funny.
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When people watch CSI or think about forensic science, they often think that it's very high-tech and glossy and perfect and often automated.
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And in the real world, the pattern identification sciences do not work like that.
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It's not that subjectivity makes it illegitimate or necessarily incorrect, But we ought to know something about how accurate it is.
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We ought to know something about how accurate it is.
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For the criminal justice system, this is still a new idea.
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So at the time of Stinson's case, nobody knew how accurate or inaccurate bite-mark analysis was.
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The man who examined Stinson's teeth, L.T.
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Johnson, is a forensic odontologist.
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And bite-mark evidence is just part of what they do.
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When we have tragedies, plane crashes, or other kinds of terrible events, sometimes we use teeth that are found to help identify human remains
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and that's an important tool and I believe quite an accurate one.
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Rescue workers were there quickly, but they quickly learned that there was no one to rescue.
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The same year he worked on Stinson's case, Johnson led a team identifying victims of a plane crash that killed 31 people.
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He would go on to help identify 11 decomposing victims found in serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer's apartment.
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Forensic odontology had been an established field for decades, but it was only in the 1970s
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that they decided to go beyond identifying victims by their teeth and started identifying suspects by bite marks.
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It began with a 1975 case, People vs. Marks in California.
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Edgar Marx was accused of murdering his landlady and leaving a bite mark in the cartilage of her nose.
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The bite mark evidence was deemed admissible even though the appeals court conceded that there was no established science behind it.
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And it became the germinal case
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because all of the precedent establishing cases in high courts across the country cited back to Marx.
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Fast forward a few more years, Ted Bundy goes on trial and there's bite mark evidence in in the Ted Bundy case, and it made movie stars out of a couple of forensic dentists.
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And bite mark evidence took off.
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This norm of precedent of conforming to past decisions, it exists for a reason, but it happens to be the opposite of how science works.
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Precedent is really important in the judicial system.
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We want constancy, predictability, and we have a rule that like cases should be decided the same way.
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Science, by contrast, is inevitably and unavoidably and always contingent,
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progressing, growing, changing, shifting as new research tells us new things and corrects past misunderstandings.
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The legal system's not really designed to adapt to that.
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So a game of judicial telephone convinced the courts that bite mark identification was an accepted area of science,
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when in fact, it had never been tested.
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There's no science that we have seen to support that.
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It's really quite astonishing.
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It's the one thing that gets me truly agitated, because there's just no science to support it.
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A month after Johnson collected models and photographs of Stinson's teeth, he came back with his final conclusion.
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The teeth of Robert Lee Stinson would be expected to produce bite patterns identical to those
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which I examined in this extensive and exhaustive analysis.
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He said the evidence was overwhelming.
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The sketch Johnson referenced at the prior hearing, it was never mentioned again.
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He was showing me, you take this overlay of the pictures of his teeth
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and you put it on the pictures of the bite wounds on Mrs. Sychaz's body
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and you kind of see how they align and they did the same thing with the models.
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But I wasn't completely convinced
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that I could convince a jury based on what Dr. Johnson did that Mr. Stinson was guilty of an offense like this.
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I said, we need a second opinion on this case.
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Johnson recommended Raymond Rawson, who was known as one of the leaders in the field.
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So the detectives flew to Las Vegas to deliver the evidence.
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And they reported that Rawson gave a verbal confirmation of Johnson's finding, but he didn't spend much time on it.
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According to a memo book that one of the detectives kept and later published, Rossin met them at their hotel room at the Four Queens, took a look at the x-rays and the molds,
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and said that was good enough for him.
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Five days later, Robert Lee Stinson was arrested at his home.
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And we decided that to be given a brutal horrific crime like this, we now have two witnesses who are saying it's him.
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And matched against that is what?
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My gut level feeling.
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And so we issued the charge.
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Dr. Johnson seemed to make sense to me.
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We had Mr. Simpson who was lying about his alibi.
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And ultimately the theory is of course the truth will emerge.
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How's the jury decide he must be wrong?
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It's so absurd.
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ความประทับใจแรก
คลิปนี้มีเนื้อหาที่น่าดึงดูดและเป็นตัวอย่างที่ดีในการฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษ เพราะมันเล่าเรื่องราวที่น่าสนใจเกี่ยวกับการสืบสวนอาชญากรรมและการวิเคราะห์รอยกัด ซึ่งทำให้ผู้ชมรู้สึกตื่นเต้นและสนุกไปกับการเรียนรู้ นอกจากนี้ การใช้ภาษาที่ชัดเจนและเข้าใจง่าย ยังช่วยให้ผู้เรียนสามารถติดตามและจับใจความได้ดีขึ้น
วิเคราะห์ประโยค
เรามาดูประโยคบางประโยคจากการสนทนาในคลิปนี้กันนะครับเพื่อทำความเข้าใจว่าเหตุใดมันถึงฟังดูเป็นธรรมชาติ:
- “Neighbors described the victim as ‘a nice woman.’” - ประโยคนี้ใช้โครงสร้างที่ตรงไปตรงมา พร้อมคำพูดของชาวบ้านทำให้ได้ความรู้สึกที่ใกล้ชิดและเป็นจริง.
- “The bite marks are being analyzed by a forensic dental specialist.” - การใช้คำว่า “analyzed” สื่อถึงการศึกษาอย่างละเอียด ช่วยให้ผู้เรียนเข้าใจการใช้คำในบริบทวิทยาศาสตร์.
- “Three days after the murder, the detectives knocked on the door of Robert Lee Stinson.” - ประโยคนี้ใช้การเล่าเรื่องที่มีลำดับเหตุการณ์ชัดเจน ทำให้ผู้ฟังสามารถติดตามได้ง่าย.
กิจวัตรการฝึก
สำหรับการฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษจากวิดีโอนี้ คุณสามารถทำตามขั้นตอนง่ายๆ เหล่านี้:
- ฟังประโยคในวิดีโอและพยายามจดจำเสียงและจังหวะ.
- พูดตามหรือ “ชาโดว์อิ้งภาษาอังกฤษ” ตามประโยคที่ได้ยิน โดยให้ความสำคัญกับการออกเสียงและการเน้นเสียง.
- บันทึกเสียงของตัวเองขณะพูดตาม แล้วนำมาเปรียบเทียบกับเสียงในวิดีโอ เพื่อปรับปรุงการออกเสียงภาษาอังกฤษของคุณ.
การทำซ้ำแบบนี้จะช่วยให้คุณฝึกฝนการพูดให้คล่องขึ้น และเข้าใจการใช้ภาษาในสถานการณ์จริงมากยิ่งขึ้น สุดท้ายนี้อย่าลืมใช้เวลาฝึกฝนอย่างต่อเนื่องเพื่อผลลัพธ์ที่ดีที่สุดใน “ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษ” ของคุณ!
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | were pulled · been beaten · was known |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | head, which was · friends who normally · people who saw |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | have fed · have seen |
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ