ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: The Mutated Animals of Chernobyl
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222 ประโยค
หากประโยคสั้นหรือยาวเกินไป กดที่ Edit เพื่อปรับแก้
1
Something about this forest feels off.
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Pines twist into bizarre shapes.
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Spider webs hang crooked and uneven.
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Red firebugs are crawling on the ground.
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But the patterns on their backs are warped.
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A bird flies overhead.
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Its beak is deformed.
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There's a reason for all this.
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The forest sits inside a highly radioactive exclusion zone.
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It's one of the most contaminated places on Earth.
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Not far from here, the largest nuclear disaster in history happened in 1986.
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A nuclear accident in the Soviet Union and the Soviets have admitted that it happened.
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Deadly radiation is being released from...
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Thousands died from the radiation's immediate and long-term effects.
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For humans, the area remains mostly uninhabitable until today.
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But nature stayed.
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Plants and animals.
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Wolves, deer, wild horses, birds and insects.
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But the radiation changed them.
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Spring 1986 in the dead of the night.
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Reactor 4 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant has just exploded.
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Massive amounts of highly radioactive material like iodine and cesium are hurled into the air.
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The radiation seeps into the cells of all living things in the area, including this deer.
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30 minutes after the blast, it's dizzy and barely able to stay on its feet.
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The radiation has burned the mucosal tissue inside its digestive tract.
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Cells all across its body start dying.
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Blood circulation in the brain falters.
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And since the blood can't flow properly, pressure builds inside the skull.
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The deer's blood pressure crashes, it suffers seizures, and multiple organs fail.
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The next day, the deer is dead.
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In the following days and weeks, the pine needles change color, first to yellow, then to red.
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Trees die for kilometers around, giving the area a new name.
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The Red Forest.
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A few kilometers away, a shepherd dog lives in the town of Pripyat.
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For the past day, it's been feeling unwell, tired and nauseous.
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Its owners are worried.
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They too feel under the weather, though they don't know why.
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Then, a voice crackles over the radio with an announcement.
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Dear friends, the city council, national deputies...
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to cover up a nuclear disaster of unprecedented scale.
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Like tens of thousands of others, this family will never return.
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Their dog is on its own now.
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Three days later, the food is gone.
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On the fourth day, he leaves the house, hungry and searching for anything to eat.
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He encounters other dogs wandering the empty streets.
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They too were abandoned and left behind.
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Suddenly, shots are fired.
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The Soviet authorities have ordered police to kill all stray dogs, an attempt to stop the animals from spreading radioactive material.
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The dogs flee into the forest.
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Just like all the other animals here, they find themselves in the heart of the world's largest nuclear exclusion zone.
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Radiation remains dangerously high for months.
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Many animals develop chronic radiation sickness.
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Blood pools in their livers and spleens, lymph nodes swell, thyroids fail.
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The animals grow thin, and many die.
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Over the next ten years, radiation levels drop significantly.
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The only humans left are workers and guards looking after the ruins of the nuclear plant.
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Beyond that, the area is almost completely abandoned.
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In this vast and empty space, wildlife can spread freely.
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Over the years, the zone evolves into one of Europe's largest nature reserves.
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Countless animals settle in.
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Bears and lynx, moose and foxes, and multiple packs of wolves.
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Even some of the original residents remain.
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Hundreds of street dogs, descendants of the pets left behind, roam the area.
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Swallows skim over the treetops.
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The rocks leap through the undergrowth, and they are all followed by their silent companion, the radiation.
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The first thing you notice are the eyes.
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One of the first signs of exposure to radiation is something called cataract in the eye.
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It's a cloudiness of the lens of the eye that happens to people who are exposed to higher levels of radiation.
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Timothy Mossoe.
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He's a biology professor at the University of South Carolina.
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Few people know the creatures of Chernobyl as well as he does.
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He's talking to us from a research ship in the middle
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of the Pacific studying the effects of nuclear weapon testing on wildlife.
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We've had many exciting visits to Chernobyl.
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You know I've been going to Chernobyl pretty much two or three times a year, sometimes four times a year.
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A so-called cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye.
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It's a common disease in humans known as Grey Star.
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It blurs the vision and its most severe form can cause total blindness.
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The high radiation levels in Chernobyl cause many animals to develop cataracts.
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The landscape itself has changed too.
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This is what a natural pine forest looks like.
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Green needles, straight trunks.
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And this is what a pine forest looks like in the most contaminated areas of Chernobyl.
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This trunk is twisted, stunted and misshapen.
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The wood has changed its color.
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If you look closely at the rings, you can see exactly when the disaster happened.
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Near the base there are these strange clusters of tangled leaves called Witches' Brooms.
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This forest doesn't just look eerily strange.
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It's a stark reminder of what our actions can do to nature.
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Seeing it can make you feel powerless, but it doesn't have to be that way.
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Planet Wild is a community-based environmental protection organization.
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Think of it as crowdfunding for nature.
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Every month their community funds a carefully selected rewilding project to restore forests, bring back endangered species, and protect the oceans.
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Planet Wild documents all their projects in monthly videos, so you can see how your contribution helps to protect nature.
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In one of their latest projects, they used chainsaw detectors to protect one of Europe's last ancient forests.
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Of course, environmental protection also involves broader systemic and regulatory change.
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At the same time, collective efforts like these are essential to the larger cause.
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Support Planet Wild's mission by scanning the QR code or clicking the link in the description.
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Pay whatever amount feels right for you.
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The first 100 people to sign up using our code FERN10 will get their first month covered by us.
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You can cancel any time after that.
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Every forest has spider webs.
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Normally they're neat and symmetrical like this.
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But here, in Chernobyl's most contaminated areas, the gaps in the strands are far too large.
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The patterns are warped and chaotic.
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This is what a barn swallow usually looks like.
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Note the distinctive combination of blue-black feathers and a red face.
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This one from Chernobyl has white patches on its face.
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Its tail feathers are crooked and its beak deformed, stuck slightly open.
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A lump protrudes beneath its plumage.
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A tumor.
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Many changes are not visible from the outside.
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You can't see that this swallow will live a shorter life and have lower chances to successfully reproduce.
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Red firebugs are native to Central Europe.
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Their vibrant red and black coloring with its symmetrical patterns helps ward off potential predators.
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But Chernobyl firebugs are different.
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The patterns on their backs are warped and asymmetrical.
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Some are missing an eye and the fine black lines are blurred.
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All of these changes trace back to mutations in the genetic code.
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This is where the DNA is stored.
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The blueprint for the insects entire organism.
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DNA is made up of two strands, twisted together in a shape called a double helix.
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It's made up of base pairs.
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The genetic information is stored in the sequence of these bases, kind of like a computer carrying information using ones and zeros.
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Several of those bases form a gene.
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The body reads the sequence through complex molecular processes.
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Genes act as a blueprint.
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They determine how the bug looks, the pattern on its back and what it can and cannot digest.
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They also influence how long it lives, its vulnerability to certain diseases, and even its behavior.
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Scientists believe these blueprints make up only a tiny fraction of our DNA.
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Studies in humans suggest that around 8 to 15 percent of DNA are functional and actively doing something important.
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Radioactive atoms like uranium and cesium are unstable.
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They decay spontaneously, releasing radiation.
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That That radiation carries so much energy it can damage living cells the moment it makes contact.
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It can break DNA directly or split the water molecules in a cell.
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This creates smaller particles called free radicals.
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These free radicals then rip through the DNA.
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Base pairs can be swapped or deleted entirely.
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Or the entire DNA strand can break apart.
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When radiation hits the DNA, it damages it.
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Most of the time the damage is repaired, but often, if there's enough radiation, this damage will persist.
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Sometimes it will lead to a disease like a cancer or a tumor or some other developmental problem.
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Many of these mutations have no effect.
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The body either repairs them or they occur in parts of the DNA that don't serve an important function.
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But sometimes those repairs go wrong, and that's when lasting changes can happen, like the ones we see in Chernobyl.
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These changes can even be passed down to future generations.
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But some of the animals around Chernobyl aren't just mutated, they seem to have adapted and are thriving in their new environment.
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This is a tree frog.
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Normally tree frogs are green.
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But here in the exclusion zone, some of them are pitch black.
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The dark pigmentation likely comes from melanin.
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Melanin is what makes your skin darker in summer.
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Your body produces it to shield your skin from sunlight.
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But melanin can also help protect against other types of radiation.
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According to a 2022 study, the darkest frogs in Chernobyl were found in areas where radiation levels used to be especially high.
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So does that mean they've adapted to high radiation?
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Timothy Mossor is not convinced.
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He says the data isn't strong enough to prove a causal link.
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Frogs in Chernobyl show no relationship between the melanism and radiation level currently.
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So inside Chernobyl zone there are light frogs in highly radioactive areas and there are dark frogs in clean areas.
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That is just one of the many scientific debates around Chernobyl's wildlife.
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What can truly be verified and what's too speculative?
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Both sides hold firmly to their findings.
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There's another organism that may be putting the benefits of melanin to work.
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This black fungus.
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One of them grows here, right inside reactor 4.
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One of the most irradiated places on the planet.
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Radiation levels remain so high that nothing should be able to survive here.
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And yet, this fungus is thriving.
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Multiple independent studies suggest that this fungus may actually be using gamma radiation as an energy source.
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Much like plants use sunlight for photosynthesis.
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Unlike in the frogs, the melanin in this fungus doesn't just block radiation.
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It seems to convert it into energy, which the fungus then uses to grow.
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Melanized fungi like this one have been found in other highly radioactive places.
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Astronauts have even studied it aboard the International Space Station.
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Researchers hope that one day this fungus could act as a natural shield against radiation.
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Perhaps for space travel.
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As for the fungi in the reactor, it's still unclear whether they've truly adapted to the radiation or if they were just inherently able to cope with it.
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Larger mammals may have adapted to radiation exposure as well.
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At least that's what biologist Kara Love and her colleagues at Princeton University believe.
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They suspect that wolves living in the Chernobyl exclusion zone may be less likely to develop cancer
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or more resilient to the disease overall.
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Despite constant exposure to high radiation levels.
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The theory goes like this.
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Random and spontaneous mutations in DNA make some wolves less vulnerable to cancer.
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These wolves have a higher chance of survival, while others are more likely to die from the long-term effects of radiation, often from cancer itself.
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The survivors reproduce, natural selection happens.
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Their offspring inherit the protective genes.
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Over time, they breed with wolves that are also better adapted to radiation, and so on and so forth.
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After a few generations, the whole pack is less prone to cancer cancer.
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Researchers say the wolf's DNA evolved in regions around genes linked to the body's immune response to cancer.
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But is that actually realistic?
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The research hasn't been published yet, which means there's no way for us or anyone else to verify it.
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This study and many others have one thing in common.
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They all suggest that the Chernobyl nuclear disaster may have triggered evolution right before our eyes.
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Other scientists remain skeptical, including Timothy Musso.
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We wrote a paper a few years ago where we reviewed all of the literature that had been published on Chernobyl,
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claiming to test for adaptations and rapid evolution.
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And in every case, except for maybe one, the data were too weak.
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They did not have the strength, the scientific strength to support this hypothesis of adaptation.
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Mousseau has studied potential adaptations himself.
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He and his colleagues sampled colonies of certain bacteria in Denmark and at various sites across Chernobyl.
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The colonies are often found on the wings of swallows, among other places.
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Back in the lab, they exposed both sets of bacteria to radiation.
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Some colonies from Chernobyl actually reproduced better under radiation, especially those that had lived for years in areas with moderate background radiation.
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By contrast, colonies from Denmark, as well as those from the most highly contaminated parts of Chernobyl, were far less resistant to radiation.
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Because the experiment was carried out under carefully controlled lab conditions, the researchers are confident that this adaptation wasn't caused by any other environmental factor.
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To study the animals of the exclusion zone, Timothy Mossaux set up around a hundred motion-activated cameras throughout the area.
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In late 2021, they recorded something strange.
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Russian soldiers.
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In February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine.
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Russian troops occupied the exclusion zone for weeks.
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Overnight, nearly all research in Chernobyl ground to a halt.
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some scientists were forced to flee the zone.
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When the Russian forces finally withdrew in the spring of 2022, researchers returned to find their work in ruins.
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Military vehicles had kicked up radioactive dust, offices and labs had been ransacked, computers and valuable equipment were stolen or destroyed,
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long-term surveys were interrupted, and some irreplaceable research data may be lost forever.
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Several promising studies were put on hold indefinitely.
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Carol Lough and her team never got the chance to return and study the wolves in the field.
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It's a bitter blow to our understanding of the world.
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Don't forget to check out Planet Wild and become a member.
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If you want to see them in action, check out their project protecting one of Europe's last ancient forests.
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เป้าหมายการพูดสำหรับคลิปนี้
ในคลิปนี้ เราจะได้ประสบการณ์การฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษผ่านการเรียนรู้เนื้อหาที่น่าสนใจและมีความหมาย การฝึกพูดจะช่วยให้คุณพัฒนาทักษะการสื่อสารได้ดียิ่งขึ้น โดยมุ่งเน้นไปที่การออกเสียงที่ถูกต้องและความมั่นใจในการพูดในสถานการณ์ต่างๆ ซึ่งจะทำให้คุณสามารถทำความเข้าใจและสื่อสารได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้น
คลังคำศัพท์
- Feel off - รู้สึกแปลก
- Patterns - รูปแบบ
- Highly radioactive - มีรังสีสูง
- Nuclear disaster - หายนะนิวเคลียร์
- Survivor - ผู้รอดชีวิต
การใช้คำศัพท์เหล่านี้ในบทสนทนาของคุณสามารถช่วยให้การพูดของคุณฟังดูเป็นธรรมชาติมากขึ้นและสามารถนำไปใช้ในชีวิตประจำวันได้จริง การเรียนภาษาอังกฤษจากยูทูปเป็นวิธีที่ดีในการขยายคลังคำศัพท์ของคุณ
ปรับปรุงจุดอ่อนของคุณ
คลิปนี้จะช่วยให้คุณพัฒนาการออกเสียงภาษาอังกฤษ โดยเฉพาะเสียงที่มักจะยากสำหรับผู้เรียน เช่น เสียง “r” และ “l” ที่อาจจะสับสนกันได้ นอกจากนี้ การฝึกพูดตาม (shadow speak) จะช่วยให้คุณปรับปรุงจังหวะและอัตราการพูดของคุณ ทำให้คุณสามารถสื่อสารได้ชัดเจนมากขึ้น
การฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษไม่เพียงแต่จะช่วยให้คุณพัฒนาทักษะการพูด แต่ยังช่วยให้คุณมีความมั่นใจในการใช้ภาษาอีกด้วย ลองทำซ้ำและฝึกพูดตามบทสนทนาในคลิปนี้ดูนะคะ
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | have admitted · has just exploded · has burned |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | are warped · is deformed · being released |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | people who are · yet, which means |
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ