ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: The Scariest IQ Statistics | Jordan Peterson
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166 ประโยค
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During our research, we found a video of you where someone asked you about IQ, and you said you were previously tested quite a while ago,
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and you said it was in excess of 150.
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Granted, it does decline as you age, and you also said having a high IQ like that means
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that you have high volatility or variance in other areas of intelligence.
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As intelligence increases, the variability and intelligence increases
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so psychometrically there's sort of one way to be not very bright
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and a variety of ways to be very bright
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so there's differentiation at the upper end right and
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so my i would say i'm not particularly gifted mathematically
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so i struggled with statistics i eventually figured it out
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but it certainly didn't come to me easily
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i don't tend to think mathematically
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i've certainly had students who were like immeasurably more intelligent than me on the mathematical front
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i had a student at harvard
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she went from zero statistics to winning teaching awards for teaching
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it in about six months she was a little autistic
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she was also a very good writer that's a rare combination to have that extreme
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spatial mathematical intelligence and extreme verbal intelligence you get a person like
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that now and then it's pretty rare and she was just coded
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that way to be able to do that that wasn't anything that she did to be able to learn quickly?
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IQ is very biologically determined.
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Very.
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And it's very, uh, it's very rough.
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It's no wonder my student and I, Daniel Higgins, who is a partner of mine in business still, we, uh, at Harvard in the 1990s,
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we did a lot of work investigating the world of psychometric measurement.
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So that would be the assessment of cognitive ability and personality
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and we delve very deeply into the literature on neuropsychological function
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and so that would be that's from a field
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that basically derived its information from animal experimental studies as well
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as human beings study of human beings with various forms of brain damage
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there was a an effort i don't know
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if that's still ongoing to develop tests
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that would be associated where people would show decrements
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that were associated with known areas of brain damage they developed a lot of specialized tests my student
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and i on my old supervisor we computerized a battery of
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so -called neuropsychological tests and then we used them and iq tests
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and personality to predict academic performance and managerial performance
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and uh like line worker performance trying to figure out well two things what exactly is it
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That makes someone productive depending on their positioning.
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And then also how could that be measured effectively so that if you wanted to hire or place or promote,
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you could do that in the most effective possible manner.
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And so that meant that we had to thoroughly familiarize ourselves with the neuropsychological literature, which I already kind of knew,
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with the IQ literature, which was quite new to me, and then with the personality literature.
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And so the basic claim of the psychometricians on the IQ side is that for all intents and purposes, IQ is relatively unitary.
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So intelligence, general cognitive ability, personality is multidimensional, but cognitive ability, although it differentiates at the upper end,
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is a pretty solid unit.
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And no one likes that idea.
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And no wonder.
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It's no wonder.
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So why would people not like it? while it seems very unfair
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and anti -egalitarian to note that there's wide variation in the trait
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that is the best predictor of long -term success in complex occupations
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it's not like the cards are dealt out equally they're not dealt out equally how much of
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that is genetic most of it so
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if you have smart parents you're probably going to be smart parents
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you're going to be slightly less smart than the average of your parents because imagine
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that your intelligence isn't determined only by your parents
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it's determined in a way by the whole stream of your ancestry now
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if you have two smart parents on average their ancestors are going to be slightly less smart than they are
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so you get the best way to predict your iq
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if we didn't know anything else would be to take the iq of your mother
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and father and average them and then reduce it somewhat
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because that's called regression towards the mean
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so there's a tendency for biological forms to default back to their standard configuration
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or increase it if the average was lower than yeah that's right
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so if you had two parents who were impaired in their cognitive ability
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or far below average on average you'd be smarter than they were would
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that then suggest that with enough time we're all going to be about even
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if everyone's kind of well yeah which is iq the average is 100
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so hasn't it been going up over time though there's debate about
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that um it's gone up over time in some ways for sure
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so although it's difficult to increase iq you you get companies now
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and then who pop up and claim
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that they can increase your cognitive function there's zero evidence for
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that there's no what happens if you
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if you practice a complex task you tend to get much better at the complex task say a video game
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but it doesn't transfer over
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and make you generally smarter no one's figured out how to increase iq with with cognitive exercises you can maintain
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or increase your iq with exercise cardiovascular and and weight lifting
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because your brain is a very demanding organ so
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if your cardiovascular system is healthy especially as you age that's a huge deal there's nothing
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that you can do that's more important than staying in physical shape to maintain your cognitive ability
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so but um nobody knows how to increase it i mean that would be a discovery of infinite value, but no one's figured it out.
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You can suppress IQ quite easily by,
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say, not stimulating young children to the degree that their intelligence has room to play,
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let's say, or by not breastfeeding them.
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That's a good way to have stupider children, if that's what you're after.
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Breastfeeding confers, I think, something like a three to four point
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increment per year breastfed it's something like why is
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that is it just the bond nutrition the brain's a very demanding organ
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and so it uses a tremendous amount of your metabolic resources
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and so nutrition and exercise make a huge difference um so
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if you take you asked about biological determinism with regards to iq
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so imagine that you take twins identical twins who were separated at birth
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and then you track their iq as they age well by the time they're 60 their iqs are
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so similar regardless of their background that it's as
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if you're testing the same person twice so strangely enough
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if iq was environmentally determined you'd expect twins separated at birth to diverge as they age they don't they converge
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so i can see that why
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that uh makes people very upset there's a whole bunch of reasons to be upset by i mean the
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when when daniel and i sorted this out in the 90s we thought
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that this might be the shoal upon which western culture demolishes itself
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because iq is a vicious predictor of long -term success
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it's by far the best predictor it's five times as powerful as conscientiousness
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which is the next best predictor so conscientiousness is associated with industriousness
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and orderliness it's associated with political conservatism
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it's associated with traditionalism out group let's say skepticism towards out groups to some degree that's conservatism more but um
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and we probably can't measure conscientiousness as accurately as we can measure iq we have to rely on personality scales
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and self self -report and reports from other people that's the best we've been able to manage
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and no one has been able to come up with a
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practical test of conscientiousness like i'm probably trying 50 things in
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my lab bringing conscientious people into the lab giving them different sorts of tests seeing
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if we could figure out what activity conscientious people would do better in the lab
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so we could use that as a measure we could never do it
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so we did things like for example imagine you have rows of n's m's
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u's which are visually quite difficult to distinguish imagine a variety of rows of those
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and then your job is to go through and circle all the ends, you'd think perhaps that would be associated with something like diligence or industriousness,
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conscientiousness, but it's just another IQ test.
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It's very, very hard to find a cognitive test that isn't just IQ.
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And IQ is very easy to measure.
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This is another thing that makes it troublesome, let's say, apart from the fact of unbelievable variation between people.
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Like people with extreme IQs are
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so much more productive than people with on the lower end of the scale
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that they're not in the same universe in the sense
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and they're certainly in the same moral universe
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and they have the same value intrinsically and
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and iq is not associated with morality let's say just
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because you're smarter doesn't mean you're a better person
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and in fact i think there's a temptation
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that comes along with intelligence that's luciferian and that's been warned about in mythologies forever bitter intellect you know
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The person who has been gifted by God, so to speak, with a great intellect,
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who believes that the world should bow at their feet in consequence or presumes that they're rational, what would you say?
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Their cogitations produce systems of value that should be imposed upon the world.
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That's the Luciferian temptation.
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But there's a massive difference between people at the upper end of the cognitive distribution and people at the lower end. And so...
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And it's easy to measure.
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It's very robust.
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So, for example, imagine you had a library of 10 ,000 questions.
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Questions about anything, they require abstract cognition to solve.
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That's the only criteria.
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Multiple choice questions, vocabulary questions, general knowledge questions, mathematical questions, spatial rotation questions, anything that requires abstract cognition.
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Okay, so they have 10 ,000 questions extract out a random set of 100 questions, give that to 100 people,
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sum their scores, rank order them.
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That's IQ.
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Now, the technical IQ test correct for age, but that's irrelevant with regards to the measurement.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “The Scariest IQ Statistics” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: questions, cognitive, intelligence, test, increase วิดีโอนี้มี 166 ประโยค และ 2029 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 11:59 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 169 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 83% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| twin คำนาม | /twɪn/ | แฝด, ฝาแฝด |
| depend คำกริยา | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | พึ่ง |
| regards คำนาม | /ɹɪˈɡɑɹdz/ | ขอแสดงความนับถือ |
| abstract คำนาม | /ˈæbˌstɹækt/ | บทคัดย่อ |
| organ คำนาม | /ˈɔːɡən/ | อวัยวะ, องค์ |
| nutrition คำนาม | /njuːˈtɹɪʃ.ən/ | โภชนาการ, โภชนา |
| predict คำกริยา | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | ทำนาย |
| discovery คำนาม | /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/ | การค้นพบ |
| worker คำนาม | /ˈwɝ.kɚ/ | คนงาน, กรรมกร |
| solve คำกริยา | /sɒlv/ | แก้, แก้ไข |
| hire คำกริยา | /ˈhaɪɹ/ | จ้าง |
| investigate คำกริยา | /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/ | สืบ, สืบสวน |
| intelligent คำคุณศัพท์ | /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/ | ฉลาด |
| examination คำนาม | /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ | ไต่สวน |
| bitter คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˈbɪ.tɚ/ | ขม |
กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน
| คำศัพท์ | ความหมาย |
|---|---|
| put off คำกริยา | เลื่อน |
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| ประโยคเงื่อนไข if + อนุประโยค, will/would + กริยา — เงื่อนไขและผลลัพธ์ | if we didn't know anything else would be · if iq was environmentally determined you'd expect |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | were previously tested · was just coded · would be associated |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | students who were · literature, which was · yeah which is |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | i've certainly had · we've been · has been |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 35 ครั้ง เช่น you're, they're, don't ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “th”: mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, thoroughly /ˈθʌɹ.ə.li/, mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, ethos /ˈiθɑs/
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: nutrition /njuːˈtɹɪʃ.ən/, variation /ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, spatial /ˈspeɪ.ʃəl/, temptation /ˌtɛmpˈteɪʃən/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, cardiovascular /ˌkɑːdi.əʊˈvæskjʊlə(ɹ)/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/, mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, productive /pɹəˈdʌk.tɪv/, regards /ɹɪˈɡɑɹdz/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/, vary /ˈvɛəɹi/, productive /pɹəˈdʌk.tɪv/, variation /ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/, cardiovascular /ˌkɑːdi.əʊˈvæskjʊlə(ɹ)/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: regards /ɹɪˈɡɑɹdz/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, supervisor /ˈsupɚˌvaɪzɚ/, visually /ˈvɪzju.əli/, presume /pɹɪˈz(j)um/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง twin, depend, regards เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ