ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: The Shoe That Broke Running
กำลังสร้างบทเรียน...
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I'm wearing the real Team USA Olympic uniforms with one of the world's fastest super shoes.
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And we're gonna cut it in half.
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Because what's inside this shoe is part of a huge debate happening in sports right now.
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The question is, when does sports gear get so good that it's actually cheating?
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There's a ton of cool gear that's banned from sports for making athletes too good.
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Like swimsuits that make a swimmer's body too streamlined.
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Or gloves that make a receiver's hands too grippy or bats that let a player hit the ball too hard, or shoes that make a runner too freaking fast.
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They call it tech doping, using physical gear to gain an unfair advantage.
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In this video, I'm going to show you the banned technology that you won't see in the Olympics.
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Oh, whoa, that's grippy.
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And the cutting-edge tech that you will see that's on the very edge of what's allowed.
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You might be thinking, hold on, no gear should give athletes an advantage.
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But we don't run barefoot anymore.
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We don't swim naked.
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We use tech to play sports, and that tech keeps getting better, pushing forward what humans can do.
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So where's the line?
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That's what I really want to figure out.
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This debate is about way more than sports.
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In every part of our lives, technology pushes humans forward, and it's up to us to decide what do we want from it.
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This video is about that question.
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Let me show you the cutting edge of sports technology.
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I am wearing the fastest suit in the world, and that's a fact.
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The fastest suits in the world.
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Technological doping.
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It is cheating.
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A weekend that changed distance running forever.
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Nike's controversial Vaporfly shoe.
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Fueling new controversy over the suits the swimmers are wearing.
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Surpassing human capabilities.
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Today I'm at Nike's test lab in Oregon to show you some of the world's best and most controversial sports equipment.
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But first, if you were trying to decide whether to ban something from sports, How would you do it?
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Here's where to start.
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First, most regulators ask, is it dangerous?
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To athletes or fans or both?
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This is the big reason they give for banning steroids, but it applies to hardware too.
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For example, in Major League Baseball, they're not allowed to use aluminum bats.
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They have to use wooden ones.
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Because aluminum would allow them to hit the ball so fast, they might kill people on the field or hurt people in the stands.
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So if gear greatly increases the risk of injury, it might not be allowed.
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But most of the cool tech that we're talking about doesn't increase danger.
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It just makes athletes better.
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So the next question they ask is, is it against the spirit of the sport?
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But how do you define that exactly?
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Spirit of the sport, it's intentionally vague.
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So it gets broken up into smaller questions, like, can everyone use this tech?
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Is it fair to record holders?
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Does it artificially enhance a player's performance?
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Let me give you some examples.
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Try to decide what you think is right before I tell you what the rule makers chose.
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This is the Olympics in 1972.
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Do you notice anything missing?
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Nobody's wearing goggles.
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Four years later, the Olympics allowed them.
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You see early adopters start to use them, and those athletes start winning.
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Here's a chart showing swimming records by year.
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That's when goggles were allowed.
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Most people today would say allowing goggles was a good idea.
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But then, something new caused another big spike.
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In 2008, Speedo collaborated with NASA to make this, the Laser Racer.
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This suit was so cool.
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The fabric mimicked shark skin with these little channels that let water flow more easily.
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It had these panels that sucked swimmers' bodies into a more streamlined position.
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And people speculated that the way it trapped air made swimmers float more easily, which Speedo denied.
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But it was clear this new tech was helping swimmers crush world records.
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Athletes were doing things nobody thought was possible.
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It was awesome.
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You remember that Olympics when Michael Phelps won more gold medals than any human had ever won in a single Olympics ever?
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he was wearing a laser racer.
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Is that fair?
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This new suit made the swimming world lose their minds.
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The general manager of the US team said the records shouldn't count.
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So, should this fancy super swimsuit be allowed?
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Within a year, the swimming governing body voted to ban them.
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The swimmers you see at the Olympics now are wearing suits made with only textile fabrics
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that can only cover this much of their body.
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I feel mixed about that.
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We can't see well underwater, and our skin isn't textured like sharks, but goggles are allowed and these swimsuits aren't.
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But on the other hand, we don't allow flippers.
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There's a line somewhere.
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It's just not always obvious.
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Like prescription lenses in Olympic shooting.
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Okay or not okay?
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If you said okay, the regulators agree with you.
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Olympic shooters are allowed to wear prescription lenses.
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They can correct their vision.
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They just can't enhance it.
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Or how about this, sticky glue that makes it easier to catch a football.
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Okay or not okay?
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The NFL said not okay, but grippy gloves are fine.
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Oh my goodness!
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I love these questions because they get at what we think the whole point is of both sports and technology.
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And of course, it's so messy.
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But the messiest of all is the debate about running shoes and a record that was supposed to be impossible to beat.
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He has done it!
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Welcome to Nike's test lab.
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I'm at Nike to answer a question I've been wondering for years.
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Let me explain.
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In 2019, I watched Eliud Kipchoge become the first person ever to run a marathon in under two hours.
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That is 4 minutes and 35 seconds per mile for 26.2 miles.
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Here's what that speed looks like for most people.
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This was supposed to be impossible.
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But he did it.
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And while the world celebrated Kipchoge's record, in professional running, all eyes turned to these.
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He was wearing special prototype shoes, built to make him run faster.
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In fact, studies showed that this design helped runners at the time go 2-3% faster than the next fastest shoe.
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And regulators started saying that this shoe threatened the integrity of the sport.
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But why this shoe?
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If you look back at the history of running shoes, you'll see that over the last hundred years, they've gotten a lot better than 2-3%.
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Early running shoes looked like this.
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They're basically loafers with spikes.
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People can run a lot faster in basically any running shoe today.
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So why was this shoe all of a sudden so controversial?
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Let me show you the answer.
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This is the newest version of that same shoe design, and I'm about to cut it open.
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So this is the successor of what Eliyuk Hachoggi beat the two-hour marathon in.
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Yeah.
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Awesome.
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all kinds of technological development.
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It's a thing of beauty and we're going to destroy it.
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There's no chance I can put it through, is there?
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You could guide me.
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If I lose a finger, it's my fault.
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Uh, Lindsey, what do you think?
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Well, we do have her on camera saying it will be her fault.
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If I cut my finger off, I'm saying it to camera, it's not Nike's fault.
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Sweet Jesus.
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No, this is fine.
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Come on, it's fine.
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It'll be fine.
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It'll be fine.
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It's gonna be great.
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You got it?
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Woo!
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Look at this!
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Lots of companies now make their own version of a super shoe.
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And people say they've changed running sports forever.
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But how, exactly?
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At a high level, every super shoe today has three key sections.
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The upper, which holds your foot the outsole, which hits the ground, and the midsole, which mostly determines how much of the energy
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that a runner exerts down into the ground is returned to boost them into their next stride.
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This is called energy return, and it's a huge deal in running.
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Nike's new super shoe specifically maximized energy return by building in a way taller stack of new, cushy foam and a carbon fiber plate that acts like a lever,
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springing the runner forward, which outside the shoe looks like this right here.
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They even included special air pockets for extra bounce.
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Before super shoes, a good energy return rate was about 60 to 65 percent.
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Now, it's more like 80 percent way more of the runner's energy that they get to reuse.
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I wanted to show you what that energy return feels like.
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But to do it, Nike didn't just give me their shoes.
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They let me try the real Team USA Olympic uniforms.
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So I'm wearing this, and this, and this, and most importantly, these.
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Okay, now go away.
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I feel awesome.
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Let's do this.
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They didn't just test the shoe, they tested me.
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They analyzed my running style.
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They showed me how these uniforms deal with sweat.
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And hardest of all, they made me run in 95 degree heat at 70% humidity.
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Some of your cameras might not work super well in here because they might fog up.
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What speed would you like to run at today?
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I'd like to go fast enough to give you some real information.
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I'll just be right outside the window.
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So I'll look at you.
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Thumbs up means I can go a little bit faster.
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Thumbs down means a little bit slower.
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Okay, put me in, coach.
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Yeah, I did not fully understand what I was in for.
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I don't know how to do that.
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So I have to go as fast as you'll ever go.
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I could feel the energy return.
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It feels like a trampoline on my feet.
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When super shoes were introduced, just like the swimmers with the laser racer, runners began to crush world records.
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Marathon times saw the biggest increase in 50 years.
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People started complaining that the shoes were giving runners energy, but that's not how energy return works.
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All the energy has to come from the runner, and anyone who runs knows it's not easy.
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I'm reaching a point where I can't talk casually anymore.
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She's getting hot.
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She's been running for two and a half minutes.
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World's best marathoners can run in this temperature at faster speeds than this for two plus hours.
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If you're up for it, we'll have you go for about six more minutes.
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Okay!
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How you feeling?
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So fun, right?
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That's great.
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You got good sweat going all over the place.
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Beating up over here.
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Drifting.
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Look at this.
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So, running shoes that make you faster.
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Okay or not okay?
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Regulators decided something in the middle.
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They tried to restrict how much energy return super shoes could give.
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by implementing a 40-millimeter foam height limit and saying shoes can't have more than one carbon fiber plate.
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Kipchoge's shoes barely fit these requirements, but they were prototypes, which felt unfair.
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So regulators added a rule saying
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that all shoes had to be available for anyone to buy at least four months before they were used in competition.
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These rules were pretty much aimed at Nike.
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And back then, Nike wasn't happy about it.
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They issued a statement saying the rules would stifle innovation.
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So I asked the head of Nike's sport research lab about it now.
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Why did Nike feel that way at the time and do you still feel that way now?
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There was a number of reasons we were pushing back and worrying about stifling innovation.
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I think it's like just a moral obligation to keep pushing forward.
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Our goal is not to make the world's fastest athletes faster by putting fans behind them and pushing them down the field.
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It's not interesting to us.
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That's really the key.
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It's all about pushing the human body forward.
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But that brings us to the last big debate about technology in sports.
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What if the tech that you're debating is part of someone's body?
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You might remember this guy, Oscar Pistorius.
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He was the first person to qualify and compete in the Olympics with these, running blades.
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This was a moment that got a lot of people talking about what's fair and what's not in sports.
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You might not know him yet, but that's Blake Lieber.
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He qualified for the Olympics eight years after Pistorius, but he wasn't allowed to compete.
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I had, what, the fifth fastest time in the world against able-bodied athletes, which qualified me for the Olympic Games.
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I was abruptly stopped.
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I had to take my case to the Court of Arbitration of Sport.
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The Olympics had allowed Pistorius, but they now wanted to revisit the rules.
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Should running blades be allowed?
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If you let people wear glasses for shooting, meaning they can correct a disability that they have, aren't prosthetics the same?
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And how do you decide what's a correction and what's an enhancement?
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Turns out, tests.
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A lot of tests.
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But dots on my blades to see the spring compression, to see what type of energy return are we getting out of the prosthetic legs
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and how does that compare to somebody who have their legs?" Researchers found
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that Blake's prosthetic legs made him no faster at sprinting or gave him better endurance, but they did make him worse at accelerating and rounding curves.
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Then the opponent's side argued that prosthetics are lighter and they don't require any of the body's oxygen.
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It was seeming like a toss-up.
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But then… But the one thing that they got me on specifically was called the MASH rule, max allowable standing height.
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use this rule for Pistorius.
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But now, they decided Blake couldn't compete because his blades made him taller than he would be naturally.
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But Blake was born without the bottom part of his legs.
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He has never had a full height naturally with his legs.
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They calculated it using measurements from other parts of his body to tell him what his height would theoretically have been.
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And to make matters worse, those calculations were based on only small studies of white and Asian men.
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But the whole idea of using averages for athletes is tricky.
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Most people's wingspan is roughly their height, but Michael Phelps' wingspan is three whole inches taller than he is.
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That's part of what makes him so great.
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But in the end...
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This is the rules that said, we're sorry Blake, but you have to drop your legs by six inches.
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And changing your height is not the same as changing your swimsuit.
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I trained at 6'2 my whole life.
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Now I'm 5'9", so I'll go reach or I'll go run or my back went out.
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And the question, the million dollar question is what's fair and what's not fair?
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If somebody was born with bad vision and they wear glasses, you wouldn't regulate that.
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I could try to wear glasses, but I don't need glasses.
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Really the conversation that we're talking about is a fear or a concern that technology will get so good,
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people on blades will actually outperform everybody.
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Is that what people are really talking about?
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I think, yeah, I mean, I think that's the conversation that is really at hand.
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It wasn't me trying to compete, it was the idea of the Pandora's box that it could potentially open up.
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I don't agree with it, but I understand.
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We have come so far in improving what humans can do.
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Today we have better nutrition and training and strategy and recovery and, of course, technology.
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The whole point of technology is to make people better.
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To make our lives easier, to make us more capable, to make things that we never thought were possible come true.
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But how far and how fast
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and exactly in what direction technology pushes us is the big debate that we're going to keep on having.
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Far beyond sports.
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Should we regulate it?
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Should we tame it down?
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Should we allow it?
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Should we integrate it?
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I think it's wrong to stop.
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I think it's, you can say it's unethical to introduce these things to sport.
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It's unethical to stop inventing and to stop pushing human potential forward.
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And personally, I can't wait to see what humans are capable of.
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Welcome to Nike's test lab.
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That's going to be the ending.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดระดับ B2 นี้ใช้วิดีโอ “The Shoe That Broke Running” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: shoe, sport, Olympic, running, energy วิดีโอนี้มี 268 ประโยค และ 2738 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 15:43 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 174 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 83% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ยากที่สุด 15 คำในวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| athlete คำนาม | /ˈæθ.liːt/ | นักกีฬา |
| runner คำนาม | /ˈɹʌnɚ/ | นักวิ่ง |
| blade คำนาม | /bleɪd/ | ใบ, มีด |
| swimsuit คำนาม | /ˈswɪm.s(j)ut/ | ชุดว่ายน้ำ |
| marathon คำนาม | /ˈmæɹəθən/ | มาราธอน |
| laser คำนาม | /ˈleɪzɚ/ | เลเซอร์ |
| glove คำนาม | /ɡlʌv/ | ถุงมือ |
| foam คำนาม | /ˈfɔʊ̯m/ | ฟอง, โฟม |
| prescription คำนาม | /pɹəˈskɹɪp.ʃən/ | ใบสั่งยา |
| thumb คำนาม | /ˈθʌm/ | นิ้วโป้ง, หัวแม่มือ |
| cheat คำกริยา | /ˈt͡ʃiːt/ | โกง |
| sweat คำกริยา | /swɛt/ | เหงื่อออก |
| lens คำนาม | /lɛnz/ | เลนส์, แว่น |
| crush คำกริยา | /kɹʌʃ/ | บด, ขยี้ |
| adopter คำนาม | /əˈdɑp.tɚ/ | ผู้รับบุตรบุญธรรม |
กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน
| คำศัพท์ | ความหมาย |
|---|---|
| go out คำกริยา | ออก, ออกไป |
ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ
ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:
- Do you notice anything missing?
- There's no chance I can put it through, is there?
- What speed would you like to run at today?
- What if the tech that you're debating is part of someone's body?
- Should we tame it down?
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | might not be allowed · were allowed · be allowed |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | has done · they've gotten · they've changed |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | anyone who runs · somebody who have |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 59 ครั้ง เช่น I'm, don't, we're ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “th”: athlete /ˈæθ.liːt/, prosthetic /ˌpɹɑsˈθɛtɪk/, marathon /ˈmæɹəθən/, unethical /ʌnˈɛθɪkəl/, thumb /ˈθʌm/
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: prescription /pɹəˈskɹɪp.ʃən/, crush /kɹʌʃ/, casually /ˈkæʒuəli/, calculation /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn̩/, intentionally /ɪnˈtɛn(t)ʃənəli/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: regulator /ˈɹɛɡ.ju.leɪ.tɚ/, unethical /ʌnˈɛθɪkəl/, aluminum /əˈlu.mɪ.nəm/, technological /ˌtɛk.nəˈlɑ.dʒɪ.kəl/, allowable /əˈlaʊ.əbəl/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: goggles /ˈɡɑ.ɡəlz/, stifle /ˈstaɪf(ə)l/, unethical /ʌnˈɛθɪkəl/, glove /ɡlʌv/, enhance /ɪnˈhæns/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: glove /ɡlʌv/, revisit /ɹiːˈvɪzɪt/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, lever /ˈliː.və/, govern /ˈɡʌv.ən/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: goggles /ˈɡɑ.ɡəlz/, laser /ˈleɪzɚ/, lens /lɛnz/, revisit /ɹiːˈvɪzɪt/, maximize /ˈmæksəmaɪz/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง athlete, runner, blade เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ