Shadowing Practice: (Level- Medium) IELTS Actual listening Economics and Trust - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Now turn to Section 4.
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Section 4.
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You will hear part of a lecture on how economics is related to trust.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Every day we meet people we don't know,
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and we have to decide how we're going to interact with them.
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One way is to distrust them.
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I think that's the standard view in economics.
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People are basically not bad,
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but they certainly want to take advantage of you.
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However, another way to interact with strangers is to depend on their kindness,
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such as when your car breaks down and a stranger stops and approaches you.
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Why do we care about trust?
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To begin with, trust is one of the biggest factors economists have ever found to explain why countries are rich or poor.
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So, if we understand trust,
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we can also understand how to alleviate poverty.
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Figuring out how to increase trust among people is key for many things.
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So, having said that, how do we measure trust?
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Normally, when we're trying to judge whether to trust someone,
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we look at their face.
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We use a number of cues from there to decide how trustworthy the person is.
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However, the problem is that it is very hard to control these kind of cues in a laboratory setting.
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So we had to figure out a different way of measuring trust in a laboratory setting.
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We began by thinking about what trust is.
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In essence, if we trust someone,
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there is a risk that they could misuse our trust and hurt us or take advantage of us.
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So trust is conditional.
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It says that in certain situations with certain people,
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we are willing to open ourselves to the possibility of being hurt.
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Because trust doesn't happen all the time,
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we thought that there must be something measurable that happens inside the body when we choose to trust, something biological.
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We started looking at research done on animals
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and found that a brain chemical called oxytocin is released when there is interaction with another one of their species.
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For example, when animals see their offspring or their mate,
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oxytocin is released and makes them more cooperative and trusting.
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Based on this, we thought oxytocin would be a good way to measure human trust.
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We used an experiment first invented by Vernon Smith,
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a Nobel Prize winner in economics in 2002.
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In this experiment, the participants are put in different rooms and can't communicate with each other before or after the experiment.
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For our purposes today, we will call the participants Peter and Sue.
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In the experiment, Peter can signal that he trusts Sue by sending her some money.
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The experiment then looks to see whether Sue sends any money back to Peter.
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Before the task begins, both participants are clearly told that Sue has no obligation to send any money back.
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According to John Nash, another Nobel Prize winner,
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Sue shouldn't return anything because it's always better to have more money.
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So, based on this theory,
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Peter should have the expectation that Sue wouldn't send anything back.
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Therefore, Peter shouldn't trust Sue and should send no money.
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However, in our experiment, more than 80% of the first participants,
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like Peter, chose to send money.
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And most second participants, like Sue, then sent some back.
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In addition, when the first participant sent the money voluntarily,
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the oxytocin levels in the second participant were higher than when the first participant was told how much to send.
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And when the money was sent voluntarily,
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the second participant sent much more money back.
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So, how do we interpret this data?
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First of all, it seems very clear that oxytocin is released when someone trusts us and we respond with more cooperation.
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So, I think of oxytocin as this sort of social glue that makes us care about strangers,
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at least temporarily.
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and allows us to do things like trust others,
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work together, and open doors for one another,
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even though we'll never see each other again.
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It therefore appears that...
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Ech your answers.
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Ech your answers.
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Ech your answers.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.

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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları

Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 75 cümle ve 714 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 8:08 sürüyor. Konuşmacı yavaş konuşuyor, dakikada yaklaşık 88 kelime; her sesi taklit etmek için zamanınız var. Kelimelerin %86’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.

Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler

Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:

KelimeTelaffuzAnlam
participant isim/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/katılımcı, iştirakçı
experiment isim/ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/deney (n), tecrübe
economics isim/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/ekonomi, iktisat
laboratory isim/ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/laboratuvar
stranger isim/ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/yabancı
carefully zarf/ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/dikkatlice, itinayla
poverty isim/ˈpɑːvɚti/fakirlik, yoksulluk
biological sıfat/ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/biyolojik, dirim bilimsel
cooperation isim/koʊˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/ortak çalışma, işbirliği
lecture isim/ˈlɛk.t͡ʃə/konferans, ders
obligation isim/ˌɑ.blɪˈɡeɪ.ʃn̩/vazife, yükümlülük
temporarily zarf/ˌtɛmpəˈɹɛɹəli/eğreti olarak, geçici olarak
essence isim/ˈɛsəns/cevher, mahiyet
kindness isim/ˈkaɪnd.nəs/incelik, kibarlık
economist isim/iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/ekonomist, iktisatçı

Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller

KelimeAnlam
figure out fiilaçığa çıkarmak

Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar

Konuşmacı shouldn't, we're, can't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 9 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.

  • “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: cooperation /koʊˌɑ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, obligation /ˌɑ.blɪˈɡeɪ.ʃn̩/, expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/, conditional /kənˈdɪʃ.ə.nəl/
  • Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, economics /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/, laboratory /ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/, voluntarily /ˌvɑlənˈtɛɹɪli/

Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır

  1. Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
  2. Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
  3. Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; participant, experiment, economics gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.

Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?

Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.

Shadowing tekniği: adım adım eksiksiz rehberi okuyun →