Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: He Realized his Mistake
Chọn chế độ luyện tập
Mỗi chế độ mở một phòng luyện tập toàn màn hình.
202 câu
Nếu các câu quá ngắn hoặc quá dài, hãy bấm Edit để chỉnh sửa.
1
Of all the legendary computer scientists, Tony Hoare stands distinct among them all.
2
Let's just put it this way.
3
70 % of all enterprise
4
Java errors that have been logged can be attributed to a single decision he made in 1965.
5
In fact, one of the largest Google outages in recent memory was caused by a null pointer exception.
6
We're talking about a basic if statement was skipped and seven hours of downtime was experienced with three hours globally affecting many, many services, including Spotify.
7
Costing many millions in damages, and all of this could be traced back to that one 1965 decision.
8
But it's not all epically bad decisions from Sir Tony Hoare.
9
He's also created some of the fastest and most memory -efficient sorting and statistical algorithms.
10
And his professional and academic work have laid the foundations for languages like Pascal and Go.
11
I know, some of you think
12
Go's a blunder, but he made the good parts.
13
And throughout his career, he has been honored slash awarded more than 21 times,
14
including the Turing Award, some consider the highest award in all of computer science, and he was knighted for his contribution to education and computer science.
15
But today, he receives the most prestigious honor of them all.
16
Programmer of the month at the startup.
17
Being knighted, programmer of the month.
18
But before we remember
19
Tony's greatest disasters and achievements, a quick thank you from the sponsors.
20
The next 100 billion commits are coming faster than planned for.
21
Is your CI up for the challenge?
22
Today's CI requires new infrastructure built for one thing, reliability and performance.
23
Blazingly fast.
24
Namespace optimizes for fast coding, test, and build environments.
25
It's their singular focus.
26
That focus runs down to the metal.
27
From server racks they design and deploy worldwide, to products built on foundations like dev boxes and GitHub Action Runners available on Windows, Mac, and Linux.
28
They actually have Mac.
29
Crazy.
30
They are used by Ramp, Vanta, Warp, Framer, Zed, Fowl, Sierra, Whisperflow, DuckDB, and even Ghosty uses them.
31
You can join them and try it out today at namespace .so.
32
Sir Charles Anthony Richard Hoare was born January 11, 1934 in what is now known as Sri Lanka.
33
He was educated in England at the finest of schools.
34
We are talking, of course, about the Dragon School in Oxford and the King School in Canterbury.
35
they serve tea
36
and fine fine table cookies i don't
37
i don't even know what they do with those type of places
38
it sounds very fancy okay i went to montana state university okay
39
i'm not allowed to have these type of experiences later on he entered merton college in oxford in 1952
40
and after graduating he spent 18 months studying russian of course
41
he had to do this as part of his compulsory duty to the royal navy
42
now this is where it actually gets pretty interesting because during his time in Russia at Moscow State University.
43
Also looks like he went to MSU like I did.
44
Go Bobcats for here!
45
Before I show you Quicksort, I did want to just say that
46
Tony Hoare raw dogs this on a pen and piece of paper in the middle of Russia.
47
Okay, there was no computer.
48
There wasn't even a programming language with recursion at the time of him inventing this.
49
It's like he has chat GPT in his head.
50
He can just close his eyes and imagine problems and get answers out of it.
51
Quicksort's actually rather easy to understand.
52
You pick an element, any random element.
53
I just picked the middle element.
54
And then you put everything that is smaller on one side and everything that is larger on the other side.
55
After that, 14 is now sorted.
56
Everything on the left -hand side is smaller.
57
Everything on the right -hand side is larger.
58
So if we do it again, we just consider the smaller side.
59
Again, we just pick the middle element.
60
We sort, and there you go.
61
7 and 3 are now sorted.
62
We do it again, pick the middle element, put everything smaller on the right, everything larger on the left, 11 is now sorted.
63
And since there's only one on the left, 13 is now sorted.
64
Do the same thing again.
65
They're both sorted.
66
Jump over to the other side.
67
Go in the middle.
68
Everything smaller goes on one side.
69
Everything larger on the other side.
70
Bada bing, bada boom.
71
That is quick sort.
72
Okay, so you're probably thinking, what's the big deal?
73
It's just sorting.
74
It's not even that awesome.
75
Well, actually, first off, it was very, very awesome.
76
I want to put a little couple things in perspective.
77
First off, runtime.
78
It has n log n for runtime, meaning that its growth, as the array gets bigger, will become proportional to N log N.
79
So that's actually pretty dang good.
80
Second, it does not require a lot of memory.
81
Now, this is very, very important because back in the day, back in the old days in 1960, one kilobyte of RAM, magnetic core RAM,
82
was $5 ,000 in the old US dollars, which means in today's dollars, that's like $50 ,000 per kilobyte.
83
Who would kill a byte for $50 ,000?
84
So as you can see, this is extremely important.
85
Now, he never actually got the chance to implement this.
86
This was just a pure thought exercise for a long, long time.
87
Until one day when he joined the Elliott Brothers in 1960 and his very first task was to implement Shellsort.
88
Now, of course, him being the confident fella he is, he went to his boss, which he has named Pat.
89
And he went, hey, yo, boss, uh, shell sword sucks.
90
I could make it much, much better.
91
And his boss was like, there ain't no way you're gonna make it any better.
92
And they actually ended up betting six pence.
93
I don't know what six pence is.
94
That sounds like something out of a nursery rhyme.
95
I don't know what's going on over in the UK or whatever they're doing over there.
96
But nonetheless, they bet a few dollars on the line or many dollars, or I don't know how many dollars that is.
97
What is it in freedom units?
98
I don't know.
99
Anyway, so they bet.
100
And then whore ends up getting on the whiteboard and starts drawing out some boxes and arrows and explains his algorithm.
101
His boss, Pat, implements the algorithm, admits he is wrong, and later
102
Tony Hoare does say that he was given six pence for winning the argument.
103
During his time at Elliott Brothers, he also convinced them to implement Algo 60 as opposed to their own bespoke proprietary language.
104
This proved to be a large commercial success, and Tony was showered with accolades.
105
Obviously, implementing Algo 60, he got really excited about it, and a few years later,
106
he started working on a language with Nicholas Wirth called Algo W, a successor to Algo 60.
107
Now, it's his work on Algo W that became so quintessential to all of our lives.
108
The emotional damage you have experienced can be traced back to these decisions right here.
109
Let me read you the abstract from his QCon talk in 2009.
110
I call it my billion -dollar mistake.
111
It was the invention of the null reference in 1965.
112
At the time, I was designing the first comprehensive type system for references in an object -oriented language, ALGOL W.
113
My goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe.
114
Hilarious, okay?
115
I mean, we're talking about null references here, people.
116
I just, my heart is warm to be like, we're going to make it absolutely safe.
117
No references.
118
With checking performed automagically by the compiler, but I couldn't resist the temptation to put in a Null reference.
119
I mean, this guy is having like a Lord of the Rings level style temptation.
120
He just couldn't.
121
The ring was too powerful.
122
Null references is, in fact, the power of Sauron.
123
Simply because it was so easy to implement.
124
This had led to innumerable errors, vulnerabilities, and system crashes, which have probably caused a billion dollars of pain and damage in the last 40 years.
125
The real question is, how costly was the Null Pointer decision?
126
Well, first off, as a student at MSU Go Bobcats, I will tell you that I spent many a day trying to debug damn null references.
127
Okay, so emotionally, it was like a billion dollars just for me.
128
But I think
129
that you can recall a time just a couple years ago
130
where the world's largest outage could be traced back to a null reference.
131
One of the most famous ones was from June 12, 2025 from Google Cloud.
132
Effectively, all it was was they just didn't check for a null pointer.
133
And of course, null pointer happened.
134
API and auth went down and then globally everything just did not work.
135
And of course this went on for about seven and a half hours until the fix was fully rolled out.
136
There's just something that tickles me that I find so funny about this entire situation in which
137
Tony Hoare over here, he just wanted to be able to create a type safe language
138
that was absolutely safe with all references and ends up creating the greatest debacle that we're still recovering from to this day.
139
The reality probably is that
140
if he did not invent it somebody else would have just like the AI race really
141
it's just like the exact same thing
142
but at the end of the day it is attributed to him
143
and his algo w work
144
now one of his largest contributions to the field of computer science would be communicating sequential processes
145
now I'm just going to demonstrate a quick example of what this means in practice by showing
146
you a little bit of code
147
and go now I know a lot of you are rust boys out there
148
and you're probably a little upset
149
that I'm using go just just just walk with me because it's the simplest all right so we have two processes here.
150
We have this outer process, which creates a channel, waits on the channel, and then prints out the message it gets from a channel.
151
We have a second process that's going to do some work
152
and then ultimately hand that work out in which I'm calling Hello World.
153
So that means we create the channel in process one.
154
Process two is going to just start executing.
155
Process one now is just going to be waiting.
156
It's going to be waiting synchronously until process two communicates.
157
This is a very important part of communicating sequential processes.
158
Then finally, when the work is done in process two and we can now communicate,
159
now process one receives the message and is able to move forward.
160
So one of the core ideas of CSP is that communication is a synchronous handshake.
161
And as you can see right there, process one had to wait until process two communicated.
162
So both process two and one have to wait for each other because the communication is synchronous.
163
Now, obviously, you can get around this by creating buffers.
164
That way process two can theoretically send more messages.
165
But the simple idea is that all processes have to communicate in a synchronous handshake.
166
That processes are units of behavior and do not share variables.
167
Now, I know in that
168
Go example, I did do a little bit of sharing, but we can just ignore it for now.
169
Again, I'm just explaining this in the most simple and obvious practical terms, not really in the calculus side of things.
170
You can go look up the calculus
171
and how events are supposed to be instantaneous
172
and how.. receivers are supposed to have an alphabet in which they are the type of events that they receive.
173
If you've ever done any elixir, this probably sounds pretty dang familiar to the actor pattern because, well, I mean, it is.
174
So at the end of the day, Tony Hoare's contributions to computer science have been actually quite a bit more than I even threw out there.
175
I didn't even talk about Quick Select and some of his statistical algorithms
176
that he helped accomplish his practical work on the Algol compiler.
177
Much like his predecessor, Edgar Dykstra, who also was a recipient of the Programmer of the Month Award,
178
he has a few banger quotes that I'd like to read for you.
179
When he thought and talked about ALGOL 60, he said the following,
180
Here's a language so far ahead of its time that it was not only an improvement on its predecessor,
181
but also nearly on all of its successors.
182
The man had a way with words.
183
There are two ways of constructing software design.
184
One way is to make it so simple that there are obviously no deficiencies,
185
and the other way is to make it so complicated that there are no obvious deficiencies.
186
The first method is far more difficult.
187
Oh my gosh, the man can see around corners if he, he was, he technically did die this year in March,
188
but I'm sure he saw some of what the AI was doing, and I wonder what he thought about this right here,
189
and just the massive amounts of code we have produced.
190
Later in Tony Hoare's career, he received the second most honorable distinction, being knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, which is why we actually call him
191
Sir Tony Hoare.
192
Of course, if you didn't know, Program of the Month being the most important designation one can possibly get.
193
Now, I did not get to all of Tony Hoare's amazing accomplishments and the things that he had done.
194
I didn't even talk about Quick Select.
195
I didn't even talk about all the cool work he really did on Algo W
196
or about his unifying theory of programming or the philosopher's dining, which, by the way, the dining philosopher's problem, Pretty gross that they're sharing silverware, okay?
197
I didn't even want to talk about it because it's unsanitary.
198
But at the end of the day, Tony Hoare's influence will be felt for a very, very, very long time.
199
And it's quite obvious he deserves
200
Programmer of the Month.
201
So here's to you, Sir Tony Hoare, Programmer of the Month.
202
The name is the Primogen.
Tải Ứng Dụng
Mọi thứ bạn cần để nói trôi chảy
Chấm điểm AIChấm từng câu nói
Luyện IPAThành thạo mọi âm
Từ vựngMở rộng vốn từ
Game Từ vựngHọc qua chơi
Cùng kênh
C11
Go’s Big Mistake
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
People Are Mad They're Told to Learn
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
Maybe we were wrong
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
You won't fall behind
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B23
He’s always wrong
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
C27
Github are you joking?
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2Casey Muratori Judges Our Digging Games | TheStandup
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
FOR YOU
Video gợi ý
C11
78 câu
The last real programmers are dying out...
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
708 câu
實戰練英文 | NVIDIA 黃仁勳榮獲2025霍金獎，分享AI革命與創業心路；AI將改變所有的工作，讓你重回工作重點；想成功，一定要告訴自已這句話 | 劍橋大學演講 | 長文、註解、大字版、中英對照
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
90 câu
Did Google just dethrone OpenAI and Anthropic?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
199 câu
十年後的電腦會長什麼樣？黃仁勳：就像今天的手機，最少拿來打電話｜中英字幕
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
68 câu
GitHub Copilot now controls your command line...
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C132 câu
Linus Torvalds Explains What Makes Linux So Fast
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
345 câu
Andrew Ng on Coding Agents and Deciding What to Build
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
186 câu
Learn Java in 14 Minutes (seriously)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
182 câu
We Let $200 GPT-Pro Think for 7 Days on Unsolved Math
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
65 câu
Did Anthropic Kill Git?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
74 câu
LangChain in 5 Minutes (Explained Clearly)
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Bài luyện nói này dựa trên video “He Realized his Mistake”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: Tony, process, null, reference. Video này có 202 câu và 2382 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 12:14. Người nói nói nhanh, khoảng 195 từ mỗi phút, nên sẽ có nhiều chỗ nối âm và nuốt âm. Chỉ 81% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất, nên từ vựng khá khó.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ đáng học trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| algorithm danh từ | /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/ | thuật toán |
| null danh từ | /nʌl/ | rỗng |
| implement động từ | /ˈɪmpləmənt/ | thực hiện, chấp hành |
| element danh từ | /ˈɛləmənt/ | yếu tố |
| programmer danh từ | /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/ | lập trình viên |
| pointer danh từ | /ˈpɔɪn.təɹ/ | que chỉ |
| knight danh từ | /ˈnaɪ̯t/ | hiệp sĩ |
| trace danh từ | /tɹeɪs/ | dấu, vết |
| attribute danh từ | /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/ | định ngữ |
| invent động từ | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | phát minh |
| ignore động từ | /ɪɡˈnɔː/ | lơ, lờ |
| complicated tính từ | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | phức tạp |
| infrastructure danh từ | /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/ | cơ sở hạ tầng |
| server danh từ | /ˈsɝvɚ/ | trình chủ, máy chủ |
| suck động từ | /sʌk/ | bú |
Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| look up động từ | /ˌlʊk ˈʌp/ | ngước |
Những câu đáng luyện lại
Các câu ngắn, trọn ý trong video mà bạn có thể dùng lại khi giao tiếp hằng ngày:
- Let's just put it this way.
- Okay, so you're probably thinking, what's the big deal?
- I don't know what six pence is.
- I mean, we're talking about null references here, people.
Ngữ pháp trong video
Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:
| Cấu trúc | Trong video |
|---|---|
| Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm | have been logged · was caused · was skipped |
| Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại | have been logged · have laid · has been honored |
| Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật | dollars, which means · crashes, which have |
Phát âm cần chú ý
Người nói dùng 35 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ didn't, don't, I'm. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.
- Âm “th”: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, nonetheless /ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/, authorization /ˌɔːθəɹaɪˈzeɪʃən/
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: contribution /ˌkɑntɹɪˈbjuʃən/, temptation /ˌtɛmpˈteɪʃən/, deficiency /dɪˈfɪʃənsi/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, shell /ʃɛl/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, contribution /ˌkɑntɹɪˈbjuʃən/, statistical /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kəl/, predecessor /ˈpɹɛd.ə.sɛs.ɚ/, deficiency /dɪˈfɪʃənsi/
Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:
- Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: implement /ˈɪmpləmənt/, element /ˈɛləmənt/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, sword /soɹd/
- Âm /tʃ/, /dʒ/ và /ʒ/ — tiếng Việt không có, đừng đọc thành “ch” hay “gi”: infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, achievement /əˈt͡ʃiːv.mənt/, legendary /ˈlɛd͡ʒ.ənˌdɛɹ.i/, java /ˈd͡ʒɑː.və/, educate /ˈɛd͡ʒ.əˌkeɪt/
- Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, programmer /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, attribute /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/, calculus /ˈkæl.kjə.ləs/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Bắt đầu ở tốc độ 0,75×, nói đuổi từng câu, rồi quay lại tốc độ bình thường khi đã quen.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như algorithm, null, implement.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.