Prática de Shadowing: He Realized his Mistake - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Of all the legendary computer scientists, Tony Hoare stands distinct among them all.
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Let's just put it this way.
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70 % of all enterprise
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Java errors that have been logged can be attributed to a single decision he made in 1965.
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In fact, one of the largest Google outages in recent memory was caused by a null pointer exception.
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We're talking about a basic if statement was skipped and seven hours of downtime was experienced with three hours globally affecting many, many services, including Spotify.
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Costing many millions in damages, and all of this could be traced back to that one 1965 decision.
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But it's not all epically bad decisions from Sir Tony Hoare.
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He's also created some of the fastest and most memory -efficient sorting and statistical algorithms.
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And his professional and academic work have laid the foundations for languages like Pascal and Go.
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I know, some of you think
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Go's a blunder, but he made the good parts.
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And throughout his career, he has been honored slash awarded more than 21 times,
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including the Turing Award, some consider the highest award in all of computer science, and he was knighted for his contribution to education and computer science.
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But today, he receives the most prestigious honor of them all.
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Programmer of the month at the startup.
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Being knighted, programmer of the month.
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But before we remember
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Tony's greatest disasters and achievements, a quick thank you from the sponsors.
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The next 100 billion commits are coming faster than planned for.
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Is your CI up for the challenge?
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Today's CI requires new infrastructure built for one thing, reliability and performance.
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Blazingly fast.
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Namespace optimizes for fast coding, test, and build environments.
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It's their singular focus.
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That focus runs down to the metal.
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From server racks they design and deploy worldwide, to products built on foundations like dev boxes and GitHub Action Runners available on Windows, Mac, and Linux.
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They actually have Mac.
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Crazy.
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They are used by Ramp, Vanta, Warp, Framer, Zed, Fowl, Sierra, Whisperflow, DuckDB, and even Ghosty uses them.
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You can join them and try it out today at namespace .so.
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Sir Charles Anthony Richard Hoare was born January 11, 1934 in what is now known as Sri Lanka.
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He was educated in England at the finest of schools.
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We are talking, of course, about the Dragon School in Oxford and the King School in Canterbury.
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they serve tea
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and fine fine table cookies i don't
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i don't even know what they do with those type of places
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it sounds very fancy okay i went to montana state university okay
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i'm not allowed to have these type of experiences later on he entered merton college in oxford in 1952
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and after graduating he spent 18 months studying russian of course
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he had to do this as part of his compulsory duty to the royal navy
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now this is where it actually gets pretty interesting because during his time in Russia at Moscow State University.
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Also looks like he went to MSU like I did.
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Go Bobcats for here!
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Before I show you Quicksort, I did want to just say that
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Tony Hoare raw dogs this on a pen and piece of paper in the middle of Russia.
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Okay, there was no computer.
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There wasn't even a programming language with recursion at the time of him inventing this.
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It's like he has chat GPT in his head.
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He can just close his eyes and imagine problems and get answers out of it.
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Quicksort's actually rather easy to understand.
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You pick an element, any random element.
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I just picked the middle element.
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And then you put everything that is smaller on one side and everything that is larger on the other side.
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After that, 14 is now sorted.
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Everything on the left -hand side is smaller.
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Everything on the right -hand side is larger.
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So if we do it again, we just consider the smaller side.
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Again, we just pick the middle element.
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We sort, and there you go.
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7 and 3 are now sorted.
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We do it again, pick the middle element, put everything smaller on the right, everything larger on the left, 11 is now sorted.
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And since there's only one on the left, 13 is now sorted.
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Do the same thing again.
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They're both sorted.
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Jump over to the other side.
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Go in the middle.
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Everything smaller goes on one side.
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Everything larger on the other side.
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Bada bing, bada boom.
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That is quick sort.
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Okay, so you're probably thinking, what's the big deal?
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It's just sorting.
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It's not even that awesome.
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Well, actually, first off, it was very, very awesome.
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I want to put a little couple things in perspective.
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First off, runtime.
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It has n log n for runtime, meaning that its growth, as the array gets bigger, will become proportional to N log N.
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So that's actually pretty dang good.
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Second, it does not require a lot of memory.
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Now, this is very, very important because back in the day, back in the old days in 1960, one kilobyte of RAM, magnetic core RAM,
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was $5 ,000 in the old US dollars, which means in today's dollars, that's like $50 ,000 per kilobyte.
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Who would kill a byte for $50 ,000?
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So as you can see, this is extremely important.
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Now, he never actually got the chance to implement this.
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This was just a pure thought exercise for a long, long time.
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Until one day when he joined the Elliott Brothers in 1960 and his very first task was to implement Shellsort.
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Now, of course, him being the confident fella he is, he went to his boss, which he has named Pat.
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And he went, hey, yo, boss, uh, shell sword sucks.
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I could make it much, much better.
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And his boss was like, there ain't no way you're gonna make it any better.
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And they actually ended up betting six pence.
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I don't know what six pence is.
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That sounds like something out of a nursery rhyme.
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I don't know what's going on over in the UK or whatever they're doing over there.
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But nonetheless, they bet a few dollars on the line or many dollars, or I don't know how many dollars that is.
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What is it in freedom units?
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I don't know.
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Anyway, so they bet.
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And then whore ends up getting on the whiteboard and starts drawing out some boxes and arrows and explains his algorithm.
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His boss, Pat, implements the algorithm, admits he is wrong, and later
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Tony Hoare does say that he was given six pence for winning the argument.
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During his time at Elliott Brothers, he also convinced them to implement Algo 60 as opposed to their own bespoke proprietary language.
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This proved to be a large commercial success, and Tony was showered with accolades.
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Obviously, implementing Algo 60, he got really excited about it, and a few years later,
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he started working on a language with Nicholas Wirth called Algo W, a successor to Algo 60.
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Now, it's his work on Algo W that became so quintessential to all of our lives.
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The emotional damage you have experienced can be traced back to these decisions right here.
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Let me read you the abstract from his QCon talk in 2009.
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I call it my billion -dollar mistake.
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It was the invention of the null reference in 1965.
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At the time, I was designing the first comprehensive type system for references in an object -oriented language, ALGOL W.
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My goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe.
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Hilarious, okay?
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I mean, we're talking about null references here, people.
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I just, my heart is warm to be like, we're going to make it absolutely safe.
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No references.
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With checking performed automagically by the compiler, but I couldn't resist the temptation to put in a Null reference.
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I mean, this guy is having like a Lord of the Rings level style temptation.
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He just couldn't.
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The ring was too powerful.
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Null references is, in fact, the power of Sauron.
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Simply because it was so easy to implement.
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This had led to innumerable errors, vulnerabilities, and system crashes, which have probably caused a billion dollars of pain and damage in the last 40 years.
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The real question is, how costly was the Null Pointer decision?
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Well, first off, as a student at MSU Go Bobcats, I will tell you that I spent many a day trying to debug damn null references.
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Okay, so emotionally, it was like a billion dollars just for me.
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But I think
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that you can recall a time just a couple years ago
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where the world's largest outage could be traced back to a null reference.
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One of the most famous ones was from June 12, 2025 from Google Cloud.
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Effectively, all it was was they just didn't check for a null pointer.
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And of course, null pointer happened.
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API and auth went down and then globally everything just did not work.
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And of course this went on for about seven and a half hours until the fix was fully rolled out.
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There's just something that tickles me that I find so funny about this entire situation in which
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Tony Hoare over here, he just wanted to be able to create a type safe language
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that was absolutely safe with all references and ends up creating the greatest debacle that we're still recovering from to this day.
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The reality probably is that
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if he did not invent it somebody else would have just like the AI race really
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it's just like the exact same thing
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but at the end of the day it is attributed to him
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and his algo w work
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now one of his largest contributions to the field of computer science would be communicating sequential processes
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now I'm just going to demonstrate a quick example of what this means in practice by showing
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you a little bit of code
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and go now I know a lot of you are rust boys out there
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and you're probably a little upset
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that I'm using go just just just walk with me because it's the simplest all right so we have two processes here.
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We have this outer process, which creates a channel, waits on the channel, and then prints out the message it gets from a channel.
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We have a second process that's going to do some work
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and then ultimately hand that work out in which I'm calling Hello World.
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So that means we create the channel in process one.
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Process two is going to just start executing.
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Process one now is just going to be waiting.
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It's going to be waiting synchronously until process two communicates.
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This is a very important part of communicating sequential processes.
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Then finally, when the work is done in process two and we can now communicate,
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now process one receives the message and is able to move forward.
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So one of the core ideas of CSP is that communication is a synchronous handshake.
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And as you can see right there, process one had to wait until process two communicated.
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So both process two and one have to wait for each other because the communication is synchronous.
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Now, obviously, you can get around this by creating buffers.
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That way process two can theoretically send more messages.
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But the simple idea is that all processes have to communicate in a synchronous handshake.
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That processes are units of behavior and do not share variables.
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Now, I know in that
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Go example, I did do a little bit of sharing, but we can just ignore it for now.
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Again, I'm just explaining this in the most simple and obvious practical terms, not really in the calculus side of things.
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You can go look up the calculus
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and how events are supposed to be instantaneous
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and how.. receivers are supposed to have an alphabet in which they are the type of events that they receive.
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If you've ever done any elixir, this probably sounds pretty dang familiar to the actor pattern because, well, I mean, it is.
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So at the end of the day, Tony Hoare's contributions to computer science have been actually quite a bit more than I even threw out there.
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I didn't even talk about Quick Select and some of his statistical algorithms
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that he helped accomplish his practical work on the Algol compiler.
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Much like his predecessor, Edgar Dykstra, who also was a recipient of the Programmer of the Month Award,
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he has a few banger quotes that I'd like to read for you.
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When he thought and talked about ALGOL 60, he said the following,
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Here's a language so far ahead of its time that it was not only an improvement on its predecessor,
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but also nearly on all of its successors.
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The man had a way with words.
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There are two ways of constructing software design.
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One way is to make it so simple that there are obviously no deficiencies,
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and the other way is to make it so complicated that there are no obvious deficiencies.
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The first method is far more difficult.
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Oh my gosh, the man can see around corners if he, he was, he technically did die this year in March,
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but I'm sure he saw some of what the AI was doing, and I wonder what he thought about this right here,
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and just the massive amounts of code we have produced.
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Later in Tony Hoare's career, he received the second most honorable distinction, being knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, which is why we actually call him
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Sir Tony Hoare.
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Of course, if you didn't know, Program of the Month being the most important designation one can possibly get.
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Now, I did not get to all of Tony Hoare's amazing accomplishments and the things that he had done.
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I didn't even talk about Quick Select.
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I didn't even talk about all the cool work he really did on Algo W
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or about his unifying theory of programming or the philosopher's dining, which, by the way, the dining philosopher's problem, Pretty gross that they're sharing silverware, okay?
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I didn't even want to talk about it because it's unsanitary.
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But at the end of the day, Tony Hoare's influence will be felt for a very, very, very long time.
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And it's quite obvious he deserves
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Programmer of the Month.
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So here's to you, Sir Tony Hoare, Programmer of the Month.
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The name is the Primogen.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “He Realized his Mistake”. As palavras que mais se repetem: Tony, process, null, reference. Este vídeo tem 202 frases e 2382 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 12:14. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 195 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. Apenas 81% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| algorithm substantivo | /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/ | algoritmo |
| communicate verbo | /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ | comunicar |
| implement verbo | /ˈɪmpləmənt/ | implementar |
| element substantivo | /ˈɛləmənt/ | fundamento |
| programmer substantivo | /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/ | programador, programadora |
| pointer substantivo | /ˈpɔɪn.təɹ/ | ponteiro |
| contribution substantivo | /ˌkɑntɹɪˈbjuʃən/ | contribuição |
| knight substantivo | /ˈnaɪ̯t/ | cavaleiro |
| trace substantivo | /tɹeɪs/ | vestígio, rastro |
| penny substantivo | /ˈpɛni/ | pêni (B), péni (P) |
| practical adjetivo | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | prático |
| successor substantivo | /səkˈsɛsɚ/ | sucessor, sucessora |
| globally advérbio | /ˈɡloʊbəli/ | globalmente |
| predecessor substantivo | /ˈpɹɛd.ə.sɛs.ɚ/ | predecessor, antecessor |
| attribute substantivo | /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/ | atributo |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| end up verbo | terminar, acabar |
| go down verbo | descer |
| move forward verbo | adiantar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- Let's just put it this way.
- Okay, so you're probably thinking, what's the big deal?
- I don't know what six pence is.
- I mean, we're talking about null references here, people.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | have been logged · was caused · was skipped |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have been logged · have laid · has been honored |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | dollars, which means · crashes, which have |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 35 contrações e formas reduzidas, como didn't, don't, I'm. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, nonetheless /ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/, authorization /ˌɔːθəɹaɪˈzeɪʃən/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: contribution /ˌkɑntɹɪˈbjuʃən/, temptation /ˌtɛmpˈteɪʃən/, deficiency /dɪˈfɪʃənsi/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, shell /ʃɛl/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, contribution /ˌkɑntɹɪˈbjuʃən/, statistical /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kəl/, predecessor /ˈpɹɛd.ə.sɛs.ɚ/, deficiency /dɪˈfɪʃənsi/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, implement /ˈɪmpləmənt/, element /ˈɛləmənt/, knight /ˈnaɪ̯t/, attribute /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: null /nʌl/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, statistical /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kəl/, recall /ɹɪˈkɔl/, shell /ʃɛl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: comprehensive /ˌkɑm.pɹəˈhɛn.sɪv/, hilarious /hɪˈlɛə.ɹi.əs/, handshake /ˈhæn(d)ˌʃeɪk/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como algorithm, communicate, implement.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.