Shadowing Practice: He Realized his Mistake - Learn English Speaking with Video
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202 משפטים
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Of all the legendary computer scientists, Tony Hoare stands distinct among them all.
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Let's just put it this way.
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70 % of all enterprise
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Java errors that have been logged can be attributed to a single decision he made in 1965.
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In fact, one of the largest Google outages in recent memory was caused by a null pointer exception.
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We're talking about a basic if statement was skipped and seven hours of downtime was experienced with three hours globally affecting many, many services, including Spotify.
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Costing many millions in damages, and all of this could be traced back to that one 1965 decision.
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But it's not all epically bad decisions from Sir Tony Hoare.
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He's also created some of the fastest and most memory -efficient sorting and statistical algorithms.
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And his professional and academic work have laid the foundations for languages like Pascal and Go.
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I know, some of you think
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Go's a blunder, but he made the good parts.
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And throughout his career, he has been honored slash awarded more than 21 times,
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including the Turing Award, some consider the highest award in all of computer science, and he was knighted for his contribution to education and computer science.
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But today, he receives the most prestigious honor of them all.
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Programmer of the month at the startup.
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Being knighted, programmer of the month.
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But before we remember
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Tony's greatest disasters and achievements, a quick thank you from the sponsors.
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The next 100 billion commits are coming faster than planned for.
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Is your CI up for the challenge?
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Today's CI requires new infrastructure built for one thing, reliability and performance.
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Blazingly fast.
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Namespace optimizes for fast coding, test, and build environments.
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It's their singular focus.
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That focus runs down to the metal.
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From server racks they design and deploy worldwide, to products built on foundations like dev boxes and GitHub Action Runners available on Windows, Mac, and Linux.
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They actually have Mac.
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Crazy.
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They are used by Ramp, Vanta, Warp, Framer, Zed, Fowl, Sierra, Whisperflow, DuckDB, and even Ghosty uses them.
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You can join them and try it out today at namespace .so.
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Sir Charles Anthony Richard Hoare was born January 11, 1934 in what is now known as Sri Lanka.
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He was educated in England at the finest of schools.
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We are talking, of course, about the Dragon School in Oxford and the King School in Canterbury.
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they serve tea
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and fine fine table cookies i don't
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i don't even know what they do with those type of places
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it sounds very fancy okay i went to montana state university okay
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i'm not allowed to have these type of experiences later on he entered merton college in oxford in 1952
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and after graduating he spent 18 months studying russian of course
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he had to do this as part of his compulsory duty to the royal navy
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now this is where it actually gets pretty interesting because during his time in Russia at Moscow State University.
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Also looks like he went to MSU like I did.
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Go Bobcats for here!
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Before I show you Quicksort, I did want to just say that
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Tony Hoare raw dogs this on a pen and piece of paper in the middle of Russia.
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Okay, there was no computer.
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There wasn't even a programming language with recursion at the time of him inventing this.
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It's like he has chat GPT in his head.
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He can just close his eyes and imagine problems and get answers out of it.
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Quicksort's actually rather easy to understand.
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You pick an element, any random element.
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I just picked the middle element.
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And then you put everything that is smaller on one side and everything that is larger on the other side.
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After that, 14 is now sorted.
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Everything on the left -hand side is smaller.
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Everything on the right -hand side is larger.
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So if we do it again, we just consider the smaller side.
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Again, we just pick the middle element.
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We sort, and there you go.
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7 and 3 are now sorted.
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We do it again, pick the middle element, put everything smaller on the right, everything larger on the left, 11 is now sorted.
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And since there's only one on the left, 13 is now sorted.
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Do the same thing again.
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They're both sorted.
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Jump over to the other side.
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Go in the middle.
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Everything smaller goes on one side.
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Everything larger on the other side.
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Bada bing, bada boom.
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That is quick sort.
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Okay, so you're probably thinking, what's the big deal?
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It's just sorting.
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It's not even that awesome.
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Well, actually, first off, it was very, very awesome.
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I want to put a little couple things in perspective.
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First off, runtime.
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It has n log n for runtime, meaning that its growth, as the array gets bigger, will become proportional to N log N.
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So that's actually pretty dang good.
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Second, it does not require a lot of memory.
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Now, this is very, very important because back in the day, back in the old days in 1960, one kilobyte of RAM, magnetic core RAM,
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was $5 ,000 in the old US dollars, which means in today's dollars, that's like $50 ,000 per kilobyte.
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Who would kill a byte for $50 ,000?
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So as you can see, this is extremely important.
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Now, he never actually got the chance to implement this.
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This was just a pure thought exercise for a long, long time.
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Until one day when he joined the Elliott Brothers in 1960 and his very first task was to implement Shellsort.
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Now, of course, him being the confident fella he is, he went to his boss, which he has named Pat.
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And he went, hey, yo, boss, uh, shell sword sucks.
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I could make it much, much better.
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And his boss was like, there ain't no way you're gonna make it any better.
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And they actually ended up betting six pence.
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I don't know what six pence is.
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That sounds like something out of a nursery rhyme.
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I don't know what's going on over in the UK or whatever they're doing over there.
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But nonetheless, they bet a few dollars on the line or many dollars, or I don't know how many dollars that is.
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What is it in freedom units?
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I don't know.
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Anyway, so they bet.
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And then whore ends up getting on the whiteboard and starts drawing out some boxes and arrows and explains his algorithm.
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His boss, Pat, implements the algorithm, admits he is wrong, and later
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Tony Hoare does say that he was given six pence for winning the argument.
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During his time at Elliott Brothers, he also convinced them to implement Algo 60 as opposed to their own bespoke proprietary language.
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This proved to be a large commercial success, and Tony was showered with accolades.
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Obviously, implementing Algo 60, he got really excited about it, and a few years later,
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he started working on a language with Nicholas Wirth called Algo W, a successor to Algo 60.
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Now, it's his work on Algo W that became so quintessential to all of our lives.
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The emotional damage you have experienced can be traced back to these decisions right here.
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Let me read you the abstract from his QCon talk in 2009.
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I call it my billion -dollar mistake.
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It was the invention of the null reference in 1965.
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At the time, I was designing the first comprehensive type system for references in an object -oriented language, ALGOL W.
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My goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe.
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Hilarious, okay?
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I mean, we're talking about null references here, people.
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I just, my heart is warm to be like, we're going to make it absolutely safe.
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No references.
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With checking performed automagically by the compiler, but I couldn't resist the temptation to put in a Null reference.
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I mean, this guy is having like a Lord of the Rings level style temptation.
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He just couldn't.
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The ring was too powerful.
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Null references is, in fact, the power of Sauron.
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Simply because it was so easy to implement.
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This had led to innumerable errors, vulnerabilities, and system crashes, which have probably caused a billion dollars of pain and damage in the last 40 years.
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The real question is, how costly was the Null Pointer decision?
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Well, first off, as a student at MSU Go Bobcats, I will tell you that I spent many a day trying to debug damn null references.
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Okay, so emotionally, it was like a billion dollars just for me.
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But I think
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that you can recall a time just a couple years ago
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where the world's largest outage could be traced back to a null reference.
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One of the most famous ones was from June 12, 2025 from Google Cloud.
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Effectively, all it was was they just didn't check for a null pointer.
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And of course, null pointer happened.
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API and auth went down and then globally everything just did not work.
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And of course this went on for about seven and a half hours until the fix was fully rolled out.
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There's just something that tickles me that I find so funny about this entire situation in which
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Tony Hoare over here, he just wanted to be able to create a type safe language
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that was absolutely safe with all references and ends up creating the greatest debacle that we're still recovering from to this day.
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The reality probably is that
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if he did not invent it somebody else would have just like the AI race really
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it's just like the exact same thing
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but at the end of the day it is attributed to him
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and his algo w work
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now one of his largest contributions to the field of computer science would be communicating sequential processes
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now I'm just going to demonstrate a quick example of what this means in practice by showing
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you a little bit of code
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and go now I know a lot of you are rust boys out there
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and you're probably a little upset
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that I'm using go just just just walk with me because it's the simplest all right so we have two processes here.
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We have this outer process, which creates a channel, waits on the channel, and then prints out the message it gets from a channel.
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We have a second process that's going to do some work
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and then ultimately hand that work out in which I'm calling Hello World.
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So that means we create the channel in process one.
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Process two is going to just start executing.
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Process one now is just going to be waiting.
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It's going to be waiting synchronously until process two communicates.
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This is a very important part of communicating sequential processes.
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Then finally, when the work is done in process two and we can now communicate,
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now process one receives the message and is able to move forward.
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So one of the core ideas of CSP is that communication is a synchronous handshake.
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And as you can see right there, process one had to wait until process two communicated.
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So both process two and one have to wait for each other because the communication is synchronous.
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Now, obviously, you can get around this by creating buffers.
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That way process two can theoretically send more messages.
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But the simple idea is that all processes have to communicate in a synchronous handshake.
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That processes are units of behavior and do not share variables.
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Now, I know in that
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Go example, I did do a little bit of sharing, but we can just ignore it for now.
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Again, I'm just explaining this in the most simple and obvious practical terms, not really in the calculus side of things.
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You can go look up the calculus
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and how events are supposed to be instantaneous
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and how.. receivers are supposed to have an alphabet in which they are the type of events that they receive.
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If you've ever done any elixir, this probably sounds pretty dang familiar to the actor pattern because, well, I mean, it is.
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So at the end of the day, Tony Hoare's contributions to computer science have been actually quite a bit more than I even threw out there.
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I didn't even talk about Quick Select and some of his statistical algorithms
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that he helped accomplish his practical work on the Algol compiler.
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Much like his predecessor, Edgar Dykstra, who also was a recipient of the Programmer of the Month Award,
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he has a few banger quotes that I'd like to read for you.
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When he thought and talked about ALGOL 60, he said the following,
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Here's a language so far ahead of its time that it was not only an improvement on its predecessor,
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but also nearly on all of its successors.
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The man had a way with words.
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There are two ways of constructing software design.
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One way is to make it so simple that there are obviously no deficiencies,
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and the other way is to make it so complicated that there are no obvious deficiencies.
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The first method is far more difficult.
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Oh my gosh, the man can see around corners if he, he was, he technically did die this year in March,
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but I'm sure he saw some of what the AI was doing, and I wonder what he thought about this right here,
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and just the massive amounts of code we have produced.
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Later in Tony Hoare's career, he received the second most honorable distinction, being knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, which is why we actually call him
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Sir Tony Hoare.
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Of course, if you didn't know, Program of the Month being the most important designation one can possibly get.
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Now, I did not get to all of Tony Hoare's amazing accomplishments and the things that he had done.
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I didn't even talk about Quick Select.
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I didn't even talk about all the cool work he really did on Algo W
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or about his unifying theory of programming or the philosopher's dining, which, by the way, the dining philosopher's problem, Pretty gross that they're sharing silverware, okay?
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I didn't even want to talk about it because it's unsanitary.
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But at the end of the day, Tony Hoare's influence will be felt for a very, very, very long time.
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And it's quite obvious he deserves
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Programmer of the Month.
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So here's to you, Sir Tony Hoare, Programmer of the Month.
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The name is the Primogen.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “He Realized his Mistake”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: Tony, process, null, reference. בסרטון הזה יש 202 משפטים ו-2382 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 12:14. הדובר מדבר מהר, כ-195 מילים בדקה, אז צפו לצלילים מחוברים ומקוצרים. רק 81% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| algorithm שם עצם | /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/ | אַלגוֹרִיתְם |
| programmer שם עצם | /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/ | מְתַכְנֵת, תׇּכְנִיתָן |
| penny שם עצם | /ˈpɛni/ | פֶּנִי |
| compiler שם עצם | /kəmˈpaɪlɚ/ | מְהַדֵּר |
| dine פועל | /daɪn/ | אכל, סעד |
| handshake שם עצם | /ˈhæn(d)ˌʃeɪk/ | לְחִיצַת יָד |
| calculus שם עצם | /ˈkæl.kjə.ləs/ | חֶשְׁבּוֹן |
| temptation שם עצם | /ˌtɛmpˈteɪʃən/ | פיתוי |
| attribute שם עצם | /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/ | לוואי, לְוַאי |
| blunder שם עצם | /ˈblʌn.dɚ/ | פַּאֲשְׁלָה |
| tickle פועל | /ˈtɪkl̩/ | דיגדג \ דִּגְדֵּג |
| rhyme שם עצם | /ɹaɪm/ | חָרוּז |
| proprietary שם תואר | /pɹəˈpɹaɪ.ə.tə.ɹi/ | קִנְיָנִי |
| compulsory שם תואר | /kəmˈpʌlsəɹi/ | חובה |
| alphabet שם עצם | /ˈæl.fəˌbɛt/ | אָלֶף־בֵּית, אָלֶפְבֵּית |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | משמעות |
|---|---|
| go down פועל | ירד |
משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם
משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:
- Let's just put it this way.
- Okay, so you're probably thinking, what's the big deal?
- I don't know what six pence is.
- I mean, we're talking about null references here, people.
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | have been logged · was caused · was skipped |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | have been logged · have laid · has been honored |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | dollars, which means · crashes, which have |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-35 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו didn't, don't, I'm. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, authorization /ˌɔːθəɹaɪˈzeɪʃən/, nonetheless /ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: handshake /ˈhæn(d)ˌʃeɪk/, deficiency /dɪˈfɪʃənsi/, temptation /ˌtɛmpˈteɪʃən/, quintessential /ˌkwɪntɪˈsɛnʃəl/, recursion /ɹɪˈkɜː(ɹ)ʒən/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: deficiency /dɪˈfɪʃənsi/, predecessor /ˈpɹɛd.ə.sɛs.ɚ/, innumerable /ɪˈnuːməɹ.əbəl/, instantaneous /ɪnstənˈteɪni.əs/, quintessential /ˌkwɪntɪˈsɛnʃəl/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: sequential /səˈkwɛntʃəl/, quintessential /ˌkwɪntɪˈsɛnʃəl/, silverware /ˈsɪlvə(ɹ)ˌwɛə(ɹ)/, whiteboard /ˈwaɪtbɔɹd/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, programmer /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/, handshake /ˈhæn(d)ˌʃeɪk/, calculus /ˈkæl.kjə.ləs/, attribute /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, programmer /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/, pointer /ˈpɔɪn.təɹ/, synchronous /ˈsɪŋkɹənəs/, attribute /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו algorithm, programmer, penny.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.